UK GRADE CONVERSION. Click the title.

 US Grade Conversion

The grade scale will give you an idea of how U.K. 
percentage marks compare to the U.S.

Please be aware that it is your home institution 
and not SOAS that converts your grades, so

your final converted mark may differ to what is 
indicated on the scale.

Undergraduate

Grade Table

U.K. Classification

U.K. Percentage Grade

U.S. Equivalent Grade

First (I)

80-100%

A+

70-79%

A

Upper Second (II:i)

65-69%

A-

60-64%

B+

Lower Second (II:ii)

55-59%

B

50-54%

B-

Third (III)

46-49%

C+

43-45%

C

40-42%

C-

Fail

0-39%

F

 Postgraduate Students:

The suggested grade conversion in postgraduate (Mas

ters) courses is the same as above,

except that the

pass mark is 50%;

0-49% is a fail grade.

The Brit Milah teaches that a child is to be loved and protected with sufficient provision in parental authority to ensure the propagation of the community and its values

The Brit Milah teaches that a child is to be loved and protected with sufficient provision in parental authority to ensure the propagation of the community and its values.  Parental authority may be for life but if it is understood that it is, then it is for love, protection and sufficient provision to ensure the propagation of the community and its values in the circle of life.  This will be for all of the children in the family since every child is covered in this blessing in this culture.  The Brit Milah does not condone jealousy or competition with children. The Patriarchs did provide for all of their children and the story concerning Jacob was to demonstrate sin; not success. Esau was not only compensated by Jacob but he also became a great nation.    

http://www.christian-resources-today.com/bible-study-online-15k.html

---

Bible Study Online
Jacob & Esau - The Departing Brothers

---

Now as we turn back to Jacob & Esau -- we're learning that they too, would run into a similar problem and because of this, they would eventually depart from each other as well. And of course, Jacob would stay in the "land of Canaan" and Esau would move back and finish settling in the "land of Seir," which was a mountainous region that was located to the southeast of Canaan and past the Dead Sea.

Now remember that Esau had already started settling from within the land of Seir before Jacob had made it back home from his dealings with Laban in Haran. But Esau would return home to help Jacob, when it came to burying their father, in which they gave their father the proper ceremony that he rightly deserved.

---

Bible Study Online
At This Point In Time -- Canaan Simply Wasn't Big Enough?

---

And after this was done, Esau had stayed awhile. I often wondered why he had done this? Perhaps he was trying to stick around and spend some time with his brother Jacob? After all, they did finally reconcile their differences between them not to long ago. Nonetheless, after some time had passed, they would finally recognized that the land the two had shared, would not be big enough for the both of them to remain in together:

"Esau took his wives and sons and daughters and all the members of his household, as well as his livestock and all his other animals and all the goods he had acquired in Canaan, and moved to a land some distance from his brother Jacob. Their possessions were too great for them to remain together; the land where they were staying could not support them both because of their livestock." -- Genesis 36:6,7

---

Bible Study Online
The Descendants of Esau

---

Esau would take with him his three Canaanite wives:

Adah who was the daughter of Elon the Hittite and bore him a son called, Eliphaz which signifies - (God his strength)

Bashemath who was the daughter of his uncle Ishmael and she bore him a son called, Reuel which signifies (friend of God)

Aholibamah who was the daughter of Anah and she bore him three sons who were called: Jeush, Jalam and Korah.

Here we also find that Esau would also be recognized as a nation just like his brother Jacob. Jacob is known as "Israel" and Esau would be known as "Edom" (The Father of the Edomites).

---

Bible Study Online
The Son's of Esau

---

The Sons of Eliphaz (Esau's firstborn with Adah)

Teman - signifies (on the right)

Omar - signifies (to speak)

Zepho - signifies (gazing)

Gatam - signifies (a brunt valley)

Kenaz - signifies (hunting)

Amalek - signifies (dweller in the valley)

The Sons of Reuel (Esau's child with Bashemath)

Nahath - signifies (rest)

Zerah - signifies (sunrise)

Shammah - signifies (the Lord was there)

Mizzah - signifies (strength)

Keep in mind, that the descendants of the sons of Esau's third wife Aholibamah, are not mentioned. But they are recognized as chiefs, or dukes -- which could mean, that they were perhaps military commanders, or captains of some sort. As a matter of fact, all of Esau's sons seem to have these titles associated with their names.

Know that I'm adding Aholibamah's three sons here, just for page organization purposes, and not as an indication that they were the only sons in Esau's genealogy that had these titles associated with them.

Jeush - signifies (he protects)

Jalam - signifies (to conceal)

Korah - signifies (baldness)

Why are we arguing about the obvious?

You really can't complete an intricate recipe to perfection based on intuition alone especially if you never want to cooking school.  You need to read and follow the recipe the basic elements of the recipe; nor can you complete successfully an English exam with a grade above C or  B+  based on a Grade 10 syllabus or a Grade 12 syllabus if you are only using intuition.  If you read the requisite materials by coincidence, then you might pass based on the coincidence that your general knowledge was commensurate coincidentally to pass the exam.  In the same vein, you cannot complete a first year university English exam based on intuition alone.  Why are we arguing about the obvious?

La Porchetta: Try the Napoletana today for the fresh aroma of good baked dough, anchovies, capers and garlic; Pronto Mangiare!

Click the title.  

Why Should I Respect Him?(TM) and WSIRH(TM) are new trademarks at LTC(TM).

You are King if the earth in the flesh. We acknowledge you and give you obeisance.   You are French.  We know because the old frog faced lady gave you a book with her son about Bluefield and decided a long time ago that she is the real queen of...with her son as King and she doesn't know if you really want it although she knows it's yours so she will try to take it and keep it....so she says call the police. Change her face. Save the world. She is eternal bitterness.

The majority with the emotions of a zero GED or a zero  grade 4 at 57 years old  needs loving leadership and not just the manipulating against their will.

Danny, What if?

What if Superman was  Guyanese? That would be good. There is nothing wrong with that and his thick hair, Midwest accent and big, big muscles and feet. But what if he was only pretending to help people but was really only using situations to take hegemony for absolute power; that is international hegemony for  his absolute power that he might rule the world? But, he shouldn't have to do anything for hegemony since he has so much natural authority.  He should know; dang!  Maybe he is a Nazi after all? What do we say about Super girl who is looking like a shyster with her Eva Braun  dna? She says she is helping but there are too many dead people on her F.R.N.( Front Runner News). Why don't we turn to FRN to see what is happening? His first two presidencies were a dud since George  didn't let him blow up very much internationally and got kicked in  Mogadishu in 1993 and created two genocides, one in Rwanda and one in Eastern Europe while he blew up things domestically and used 911 as an umbilical cord for his baby black  house or as a trail of cookies to get back to that prize. This time, he will be big  internationally before he goes to his Egyptian Heaven since he wants to be remembered. He's black. But, there might have been an angry English man like Long Shanks who made all of this Guyanesing..necessary for the natural law to enjoy a wedding and buy a Volkswagen whether or not you had ten acres. It's just that the pirate minded ship captains in this globe with the Guyanesing imitate Long Shanks too much that they might know his authority that they  might be equal.

How can spending time with a diseased and pretty woman( a Cockney Queen), make a man a king? That is not a King to kiss a toilet. What has she done now?

He had to hide and could be, as it appears, Joseph of Arimathea.

So, they tried to kill Jesus when He was young. King Herod did. They also tried to kill Him  for His calm and peaceful belief in Psalms 82 and the law and the prophets. He may have told them to ask King David if they did not understand as some were preaching and teaching for attention and not for service and submission to the Lord with no sense of self. They would say that they still struggled to understand even though Yeshua would encourage them to read the scriptures for themselves. He said "...it is written."  All the same, it was less dangerous if He did not identify His father in those polemic times since it would have identified Yeshua  as a boy who may have survived Herod's evil edict shortly after Christmas day to kill all children two years old or younger.  That is why it is best not call any man your father on this earth while you acknowledge your Heavenly father since the Sanhedrin at Jesus'  birth was supportive of Herod's edicts evidently. Yeshua fled to Egypt and met some cousins related to Ephraim and Manasseh who recognised Yeshua,  Mary and Joseph upon their obedient arrival for peace.  Many also fled to Egypt after the first Assyrian occupation.  They were his ancestral country men.  His father's name was Joseph. He had to hide and could be, as it appears, Joseph of Arimathea.

A you ou C'est tu? Pourquoi sont ton malade? Quelle est ton identite' ? Est ce que parce que ton mange, boite est joyuex sans pensant vraiment et sans reconnaissant?

Who are you now really? No matter what, there is a union for peace or for war so that there will be peace. You have work to do...you say?

Isn't the world starting to feeling like you have a school Principal that can't finish the grade 10 math test and who never played a board game according to the rules; who never really won with the rules and always threw a tantrum for losing by the rules? Economies of scale are important but you also need identity. Do you know crab apples? Do you know the Avro Arrow? Do you know the MG?

You earn money on restaurant sales at the register.

So, if hydrogen is 3x more efficient and 3x easier to produce, then you need 3x fewer resources in its production.  This means it is 3x more profitable. It is 3x more efficient in energy expenditure with its use.  It is a very simple and abundant gas which means you need 3x fewer energy employees.  It's like making 2.00 per gallon on hot air/2.00 per minute on a cell phone call or the old AT and T.  But, you won't get the immediate or long term benefit unless you keep the energy employees alive and consuming some how.  You do need just the same number of human beings to produce the hydrogen gas and manage it.  It is a very safe system already in wide commercial and consumer use but you are too caught up in natural authority for you to digest this and are being manipulated.  You don't read anything really but you feel like it. How does that work? It must be the dna as old as the dust in the High Trees property.  You need consumption to make the money; not just factor of production savings.  Savings in obtaining and producing a  glass of water for sale in a Restaurant from a water pipe does not amount to the sale.  Pour as many glass of water/volkswagens you want. You don't earn money on savings in production. You earn money on restaurant sales at the register; not on the  time and money saved in running the water pipe instead of walking back and forth to draw water from a water well in the back of the restaurant situated on your farm.    

Betty's Tomato Juice.

But according to the Pundits... They brexit to Freixenet to find themselves again before the fixings in it.

But according to the Pundits, with brexit, the referendum was only a measure of public opinion since the final decision over the next two years under article 50 if it is invoked will have to consider all of the economic and social factors including public opinion in determining what is best for the country. In the end, financial payments to the EU as an EU member by population instead of by wealth is a better deal for everyone and every member and is more democratic, more Anglais.  The referendum is not a mandate but a gauge of public opinion with a poorly informed public that thinks Canada has more than 19 million people.  But, maybe she wants attention to find out who is the most powerful woman in Europe as the news suggests; my precious.   It has to be the Queen of Heaven and she is certainly the most influential with her nice garden parties and seasoned pork pies this summer; just so brilliant!    In addition to this, you take refugees and citizenship applications on a proportionality principle based on current population per country and other resources such that the refugees cannot decide where they will live in the EU or where they will be housed. But, they will be given refuge within the EU and respected as we wish to be respected since 10 acres of land ownership some day may not be enough to establish a right to vehicle ownership some day.  Do you have a right to own a vehicle when the world is not enough? What if the "Black hand" had children that became, in some parts of Europe, German army officers and fuhrers or in some other generation, apparently White Oxford politicians who wanted people to feel them; for real though and you hip hop and don't stop? "Black hand" a.k.a. Mephibosheth, you are not lacking anything, you are not disabled and God loves you! Why should you covet "white" because "white" is black? If you say you are white, then you don't have any language or culture or identity.  This absence of identity is where white began.  You need a culture and language if love is not enough of an identity as you become everyone and everything as the greatest imitator in all of history since you innately hate yourself and always want to be someone or something else if it seems to have followed the simplest principle of all in humanity; self acceptance.  What about a smart tv(do you have a right to it?) but it could help him since the tvs are watching you snog and sending videos back to him? That could be why you are feeling a little separate from your bird or birds who only asked that you bring a 10 "pand" cake for dinna but you are not "listnen". Maybe Ken Livingston had a point and the tube might be almost free again since the overground is really efficient and only people with 10 acres will have a right to own a vehicle.    Even though the refugees may fly into Stansted, they may be shipped to Romania for housing and processing as a citizen-applicant and then Romania will get some gentrification with some investment;  "A you!"

New research demonstrates that there was a wave of immigration from Guyana in the 1910's to Europe; in particular Germany.

New research demonstrates that there was a wave of immigration from Guyana in the 1910's to Europe; in particular Germany. They, as a diverse population, had mixed with peoples from other British colonies who were moved to the colonies in South America.   Many of them were from Hyderabad and were moved as orphans.    In addition to this, some of the individuals  who moved to Europe are rumored to have been part of the Black hand that helped to destabilize the region as they thought certain Christian individuals in the establishment had too much authority. They could not understand why they were the authority.  This is not indicative of all Guyanese people who are very loving and who bring other people's children to church and take care of them like family.   The second generation of immigrants sought to be a part of society as they knew it.  Many of them were raised in single parent homes or as orphans since many individuals died during the war (WW1).  To get a job, you had to be a part of a family. Some of  the families had immigrated in the 1910's as Jews but as orphans or as the children of single mothers, they had to find larger families who could provide them with an in road.  This grouping eventually developed their own subculture as they lacked and were denied the appropriate Jewish or Christian family associations and were unable to marry since they had no father. They watched movies and lots of them in the emergence of this new entertainment medium.  They had a tendency to call married people or people with their own families and children, that is,  "gay".  They were related as Guyanese to some of the Jewish peoples in the ghettos but left that cultural identity to survive in what the subculture provided that also eventually became something more than a social movement in the form of a political movement called the Nazis.  If you did not leave the ghetto to join Nazism, you ended up a victim of the movement.  The Nazis had very little purpose or intention except to say "See how good we are.  This is what we had to do since you would not let us join your families and  we certainly identified with many other individuals in society who may not have been Guyanese and Jewish but who were also displaced by the war who desired work, vehicles and all of the creature comforts that the newest medium brought to our attention in movies in this new identity of a fatherland that helped an orphan people after World War 1.  Who is everyone's Junta father in the year 2015 but also could not really be your father  Did your real parents let him beat you and adulterate your soul?  In our final solution, it is to become "you" if you try to thwart our efforts and take over what we have chosen to be since although we have been identified as fifth generation slave transport ship dna (Is this why you relegated our ancestors to the German Jewish ghettos in 1910 but let us fight with you in 1914?), we have chosen Judaism as our faith and as the several SS soldiers kept alive artificially in machines, we will tell you again.  This is essentially a second Assyrian occupation if you will.  You will know our children where we incubated  and hatched a new generation by feeding them lizard heads wherever we fled after WW2 (some in Chile) since they are angry about authority and attack people (they suggest that a grade 12 student who gets an A or B in English wants authority) as we taught them by devaluing or using aspersions; much like a Hyderabad orphan whose descendants in Guyana and other parts of the world took our support and our seed for children and who, as orphans, were angry about being scolded by his parents for not sweeping the steps well and who eventually killed them for being scolded, rendering themselves orphans in the 1840's.  They are very impatient people who will look at a Cruise ship and ask "..Who is God if I do not have a cruise ship?" and they will simply want to steal it and take it over as if it was a Baptist Church or something.  Then they play little mischievous and flirtatious games in the guise of humility while they are only saying  "I don't know if you know who we really are but I will take and it will cost if you if you help me. Every one will have a ghetto girl disease before it's over and I will show up to take the food off your plate if you don't remember yourself."  Our other computers have identified 1870's Hyderabad  orphans as the half English children of penal ship male and female passengers possibly from the 1870's East end of London who looked at lots of photos in a 1870's forerunner of Loaded magazine who lost natural affection; innit?"   The half English Hyderabad offspring were studied to see if the issue was nature or nurture.  They decided it was nature after they tried to kill their parents by putting the caustic soda in the sauce for the nan; Nan; get it? Murder is also a very profound emotion and resonates in the evidence of Brooklyn emotional forensics. The kids were shipped to other colonies just to see what would happen and one of those kids is the ancestor of a H-tler it would seem.  Now the truth is, your God fearing citizens are very concerned and no one is trying to take authority or challenge any authority or compete since you said preach the gospel.  Didn't you say preach the gospel?               

Documentary Presentation Of The Week.

Don't really need the gold leaf guy. He has lost his usefulness in more current and ecumenical times although he(Louis the 16th, Henry the 8th) did try to run the church and got kicked. Do you know anyone who feels like him who wears only grey t shirts? Tell somebody before it's too late? He might have used your father's wife, stolen some essays to graduate with a D from a trailer park(but there is nothing wrong with trailer parks although the deceits and theft are not needed) and shot someone on the side of the road on graduation day..to feel the authority.

You are trying to be "slick uptown ranking" with your own children to say how good you are...Are you trying to get an orphan's identity in a family, your own family, by provoking your own husband or children to make you a Cadaver with their eternal association as your family? Were you afraid they would take your name away on your death? But, no one would fail to identify you as in a family if you get a family member to kill you. But, how are you so sure of your plan? Is this you mimicking the top of your society and you need to feel above someone or anyone to feel like the top and you are killing your children to do it; how they used to treat you, talking behind your back while they pretend to love you? But, those days have passed and who are you really if you just mimmick and kill your own in anger after graduation day? But, the top is not doing that now. You are their friend or anybody's friend who you have befriended. But, look at how you dissociate from yourself and your own on graduation day as if you can't believe he or she is yours if they could believe to graduate? Isn't that amazing? Did you beat them for your own self-doubt or to ensure they graduated? But, you don't see how the top is not killing anyone to be the top. They are just the top because their family gave them something over a few generations. That is the top and they have asked you to love yourself and love your children to be closer to the top by putting them into some property before you die.But, if you kill them and yourself, then the top knows why it is the top again. You don't have to do anything either in Jamaica or in North America to preserve and honor your ancestry but now you know how the top really feels as they are watching you mimick their attitudes and nothing more for maybe one and half generations. Then you and your lack of understanding are no more but you can tie a head tie and you understand when the top says "Mamma said..." You say "...de de de de...I don't know." Good.

Is this you mimicking the top of your society and you need to feel above someone or anyone to feel like the top and you are killing your children to do it; how they used to treat you, talking behind your back while they pretend to love you? But, those days have passed and who are you really if you just mimmick and kill your own in anger after graduation day? But, the top is not doing that now. You are their friend or anybody's friend who you have befriended. But, look at how you dissociate from yourself and your own on graduation day as if you can't believe he or she is yours if they could believe to graduate? Isn't that amazing? Did you beat them for your own self-doubt or to ensure they graduated? But, you don't see how the top is not killing anyone to be the top. They are just the top because their family gave them something over a few generations. That is the top and they have asked you to love yourself and love your children to be closer to the top by putting them into some property before you die.But, if you kill them and yourself, then the top knows why it is the top again. You don't have to do anything either in Jamaica or in North America to preserve and honor your ancestry but now you know how the top really feels as they are watching you mimick their attitudes and nothing more for maybe one and half generations. Then you and your lack of understanding are no more but you can tie a head tie and you understand when the top says "Mamma said..." Good.

On the Titantic, didn't you say "..Please; can you help us? or Please sir; can I have some peace?"

Mais Je ne vouloir ton comprend pas.....

Mais Je ne vouloir ton comprend pas. Mais es-tu en essayant derober mon essais? Mais porquoi?  Ton ne permis pas.  S'il vous plait ou S'il te plait sur la en cole're; tu doit comprend parce que Je ne comprend pas ton et vous maladie?  Tu doit comprend maintenant ici.  Tu doit comprend le loi naturelle si vous voulez le joie de vivre.  Merci! Ou est le eau avec gazeaux ou con gas?  

The Red Renault.

Greater things than these, you will do(John 14:12). This would include preserving your culture. Where did scones really come from or was it to prepare you to fall in love with some masala, kung po or the..how do you say it? Why is Santa Claus walking around with a woman's Sainthood every Christmas over the entire world? Is someone occupying your throne in your loo? Fee Fye Foe Fum, you let some foreigners reduce your international dominion. But, they are very photogenic though and feel sort of traditional and related but they can't talk for ten minutes in public without dribbling. But you must remember you have sovereignty in that land from wence they came via your Governor and general in the Privacy Council Offices because they are sort of your blackish people who always create the problem but then give you the blame. Since 1664, you said you sent the shipment but they say it never arrived since they want to cut in half your shillings and "pand" and your royal nine lives.

What if the Assyrians who occupied Israel and the Sanhedrin decided to occupy Rome and then   Roman Catholicism after they saw the authority. Every thing they occupy seems to come to an end while they pretend to be real Jews or real Romans or...but who can really say?

Saint Nicholas during both World Wars.

How do I find the people who decided that Saint Nicholas would be named "Santa Claus"?  Santa Claus is a female name. Saint Nicholas is certainly a Nicholas. So, who do we ask if we may?  Do we ask the Joker? He might know since he knows what will fatten and Santa Claus is always fat. Are they the people who started WW1 and WW2 because they couldn't figure that unemployed workers, due to mechanized labor, would need to be given some cash immediately in an authoritative welfare or commonwealth capitalism as consumers? This is so that Bugatti shoppers could buy more Bugattis and faster since they need consumers. Those worker people are bargaining for a Volkswagen but how will they buy them if they are made redundant by a driverless delivery truck and unmanned vehicle assembly lines? Workers as consumers are never redundant.

Special Presentation: Charwomanny

Did you know the Israelites(House Of Israel) defeated the Benjamites in 1375 B.C? Enjoy your tv today. A divided house cannot stand.

Le nouveau film X-Men.

Le nouveau film X-Men obtient le point comme d'habitude au sujet de notre illusion de soi dans une ère de télécommunication. Le diable se montre de l'Egypte ancienne et dit qu'il est Dieu. Il dit qu'il a beaucoup de noms et dit son nom est Elohim aussi. Mais, ceci est juste ce que le diable fait et est censé faire; appeler lui-même Dieu et prétendre être Dieu en public tout en montrant la fragilité charnelle, comme la convoitise comme en convoitant dons naturels ou beautés de quelque être humain. La vieille sorcière de Blanche-Neige est aussi symbolique de ce même esprit diable; convoitant quelqu'un de cadeaux, des capacités ou leur créativité, dans l'espoir de le revendiquer comme leur propre. Connaissez-vous quelqu'un comme ça qui était prêt à couper la pointe de vivre dans l'identité de quelqu'un d'autre? Vous devez savoir quoi faire avec quelqu'un comme ça. Vous les expulser. Cette créature Lucifer qui déplore les erreurs en évidence dans 20 civilisation siècle, suggère qu'il tente d'aider à détruire le monde entier, mais qui ne pouvait pas être la solution bien que ce soit ce qu'il veut vraiment, puisque la destruction de ce monde par détonation nucléaire ou dans toute moyens ne seraient pas nettoyer la terre, mais polluent en permanence afin qu'il puisse être égal et nous serions comme mort et comme malade que ce diable est probablement à perpétuité. Connaissez-vous quelqu'un qui est malade et veut d'autres êtres humains pour l'avoir? Vous savez ce qu'il faut faire. Vous l'expulser. Il essaie de voler le don d'un mutant de plomb; Charles Xavier et en faisant cela, nous voyons que la créature face grise de l'Egypte est pas Dieu puisque Dieu ne donnerait pas un cadeau, puis convoiter, dans l'espoir de le prendre de sa création pour qu'il puisse être égal. Il est même pas Akhénaton dont les ancêtres honorés D.ieu dans la Genèse et laissent Abraham et sa femme vont. Le Pharoah dans la Genèse peut avoir été Akhénaton et la recherche historique confirmera les lignes de temps égyptiennes et leur système de rencontres avec ceux d'autres références dans l'histoire ancienne. Abraham est enterré dans la grotte de Machpelah situé à 31,524744 ° N 35,110726 ° E. De nombreux antéchrists viendront et vous tuer quiconque a jamais fait quoi que ce soit de la peur d'être jaloux. Ils ne peuvent pas être riches, mais ils sont certainement mal. Il ou elle est antichrist. Mais, vous n'êtes pas sûr si vous croyez dans la création encore, mais vous commencez à croire maintenant que vous avez le diabète. Nous savons qui est un Juif ou un enfant de Dieu et non par ce qu'ils enseignent, mais par ce qu'ils font pour sauver une vie. Il ne fait aucun doute, il y a de vrais Juifs ou les enfants de D.ieu vivant aujourd'hui. Peut-être que certains sont catholiques, peut-être certains sont juifs ou Messianique juive ou chrétienne protestante, mais pas dans la revendication seulement, mais dans la pratique. L'objectif est maintenant pas étude de la Bible, mais la pratique bible. Avez-vous aller à la pratique bible cette semaine? Avez-vous sauvé une vie quand vous le pouviez? Le film confirme notre expérience dans le 20e et début du 21e siècle. Mais, tout ce que vous pensez comme un cinglé est la concurrence et en tant que tel, vous êtes des sous-hommes. Vous avez besoin d'évoluer et de sortir de l'aide les gens à «monter» comme un descendant blanc (blanc après trois générations) d'êtres humains qui ont subi le passage de l'Atlantique au cours de la traite des esclaves. Certains ont été incubés avec une femme blanche qui a été volé en tant que missionnaire et utilisé dans les collines des Antilles à cet effet afin que les Marrons pourraient être égaux. Ces jours-ci les blancs gras gens du grand fessier sont racistes que diable pour prouver leur loyauté. Ils aiment aussi à conserver les disques travailleurs noirs "noirs" comme si elles doivent être connus ou identifiés en vous demandant d'obtenir vos livres d'examen ou de quelque chose. Vous êtes noir, car de vraies personnes blanches ne font pas cela, ou bien comment le pianiste classique diplômé noir arrivent ici sans action positive? Comment ai-je rencontré votre auto de graisse en France et vous avez été émanant votre disposition West Indian Freckled depuis que je te craignais dans une salle d'examen, puis vous me donner un vraiment noir "A" à vingt pour cent de moins que le résultat réel? Nous avons assez de technologie pour croire que Dieu est mort ou peut être tué, mais si vous tuez notre croyance en Dieu, quelle autorité morale serons là pour que vous pourriez appeler un droit humain à survivre aux colères des gens qui sont nés avec 10 acres leur nom? Pourquoi devrait-il y avoir de soins de santé universels ou de respect pour les personnes transgenres s'il n'y a pas la croyance en un Dieu ou dans le principe que nous devons faire aux autres ce que nous les faire à nous? Il n'y a pas de droits humains sans une croyance que les gens devraient traiter les autres comme ils veulent être traités. Si vous tuez Dieu, les seules personnes qui ont le droit de posséder quoi que ce soit pourrait être les gens qui possèdent déjà la plupart de tout. Pourquoi devrait vous permettre de travailler dur pour changer votre statut naturel dans la vie à la naissance? Avez-vous un droit de se lever? Le faites vous? Avez-vous le droit d'obtenir les résultats de l'examen d'un centre d'essai du gouvernement? Vos enfants ont le droit d'obtenir les résultats des tests dans une école du Commonwealth ou seront l'enseignant leur demander de nouveau à droite un test d'une heure après son achèvement, mais pour le terminer en vingt minutes, simplement parce qu'ils sont les enfants des minorités ethniques? Eh bien, je ne connais personne dans ma génération jamais l'expérience cela, mais peut-être cela est la nouvelle normale avec vos dollars d'impôts au 21e siècle dans le Commonwealth puisque vos gens travaillent trop dur et ont besoin de se détendre un peu pour que tout le monde sera égal à ceux qui tuent leurs enfants blancs si elles obtiennent plus de C puisque les enfants seraient trop loin de la (blanche? -C'est vraiment pre 1830 dna West Indian avec tout ce que donzelle, esclave, "bateau pirate compagnon" et le capitaine du navire dna tout roulé ou molesté en un seul, certains français, un peu anglais certains pays d'Afrique un peu d'espagnol pour créer un tel conflit intérieur qui est devenu une culture (uno, dos, tres Rasta, Fook, innit ne me faites pas traverser ou vexer avec vous pendant que je démembrer? nous, vous ou nous couper en deux avec un jeu de manipulation sociale comme une famille Antéchrist et la culture qui a volé les enfants que vous vous cachez! savez-vous si Marley a été volé et élevé par d'autres personnes, il semble avoir été un peu chinois, mais était dit de dire qu'il faisait partie noire et le fils d'un officier anglais marine pour l'autorité?) Poste 1830 gens croyaient en l'humanité et le potentiel comme la reine Victoria dit- elle était trilingue, a donné le respect Arawak dans la rédaction d'un blason pour l'île et de la pensée, vous devriez avoir une vie raisonnable sans molestation) famille.. Peut-être les seules personnes ayant le droit de vote après les droits des homosexuels seront des gens qui possèdent dix acres puisque la plupart des gens gais ont tendance à ressentir une croyance en un Dieu et nous nous retrouverons de retour à un début quand les gens qui possèdent dix acres auront la location privée armées car il y a plus de gens sur la terre d'un ou treize familles dans chaque ville qui possèdent 10 acres ou plus et cela, nous allons comprendre pourquoi le carta magna a été écrit car même une mitrailleuse Gatling sera à court de balles finalement que les hordes précipiter la maison pour obtenir votre bacon et des œufs et de manger votre assiette à nouveau. Telle est la loi royale. To get into Harvard after July 2016, you will need an A grade in High school French or the equivalent since the world is enough but you need to be able to order in more than one language since you wanted the world. Everybody else is already able to speak English except you. They feels it as you tried to brexit and everything else so that you might be equals.

The New X Men Movie.

The new X Men movie gets the point as usual concerning our self delusion in a telecommunication age. The devil shows up from ancient Egypt and says he is god. He says he has many names and also says his name is Elohim. But, this is just what the devil does and is supposed to do; call himself God and claim to be God in public while showing fleshly frailty such as covetousness as in coveting some human being's natural gifts or beauties. The old witch in Snow White is also symbolic of that same devil spirit; coveting someone's gifts, abilities or their creativity, hoping to claim it as their own. Do you know anyone like this who was willing to cut off their toe to live in someone else's identity? You must know what to do with anyone like this. You expel them. This Lucifer creature who laments for the errors evidenced in 20th century civilization, suggests that he is trying to help in destroying the whole world but that could not be the solution although that is what he really wants since destruction of this world by nuclear detonation or any means would not cleanse the earth but pollute it permanently so that he might be equal and we would be as dead and as diseased as that devil is probably for perpetuity. Do you know anyone who is diseased and wants other human beings to have it? You know what to do. You expel him. He tries to steal the gift of a lead mutant; Charles Xavier and in doing this we see that the grey faced creature from Egypt is not God since God would not give a gift and then covet it, hoping to take it from his creation so that he might be equal. He is not even Akhenaten whose ancestors honored G-d in Genesis and let Abraham and his wife go.  The Pharoah in Genesis may have been Akhenaten and historical research will confirm the Egyptian time lines and their dating system with those of other references in ancient history. Abraham is buried in the Cave of Machpelah located at 31.524744°N 35.110726°E. Many antichrists shall come and you kill anyone who ever did anything out of the fear of being jealous. They may not be rich but they are certainly evil. He or she is antichrist. But, you are not so sure if you believe in creation yet but you are starting to believe it now that you have diabetes. We know who is a Jew or a child of G-d not by what they teach but by what they do as in saving a life. There is no doubt there are true Jews or children of G-d alive today. Maybe some are Catholic, maybe some are Jewish or Messianic Jewish or Protestant Christian but not in claim only but in practice. The goal now is not bible study but bible practice. Did you go to bible practice this week? Have you saved a life when you could? The movie confirms our experience in the 20th and early 21st century. But, all you think about as a weirdo is competition and as such, you are subhuman. You need to evolve and get out of using people to "go up" as a white descendant(white after three generations) of human beings who suffered the Atlantic passage during the slave trade. Some were incubated with one white female who was stolen as a missionary and used in the hills of the West Indies for this purpose so that the maroons might be equal. These days those white fat gluteus maximus people are racist as heck to prove their loyalty. They also love to hold on to hard working black "black" people as if they need to be known or identified by asking you to get your exam books or something. You are black because real white people don't do that or else how did the black classical pianist graduate get here without affirmative action? How did I meet your fat self in France and you have been emanating your Freckled West Indian disposition ever since I feared you in an exam room and then you give me a really black "A" at twenty percent less than the actual result? We have enough technology to believe God is dead or can be killed but if you kill our belief in God, what moral authority will there be to which you could appeal for a human right to outlive the angers of people who were born with 10 acres in their name? Why should there be any universal health care or any respect for transgender people if there is no belief in a God or in the principle that we must do unto others as we would them to do unto us?  There are no human rights without a belief that people should treat others as they wish to be treated.  If you kill God, the only people with a right to own anything could be the people who already own most of everything.   Why should anyone allow you to work hard to change your natural status in life at birth? Do you have a right to rise? Do you? Do you have right to get your exam results from a government test centre? Do your children have a right to get their test results in a commonwealth school or will the teacher ask them to right a one hour test again after its completion but to finish it in twenty minutes simply because they are ethnic minority children? Well, no one I know in my generation ever experience that but maybe this is the new normal with your tax dollars in the 21st century in the Commonwealth since your people work too hard and need to relax a little so that everybody will be equal to those who kill their White children if they get more than C since the children would be too far away from the (white?-it's really pre 1830 West Indian dna with all that wench, slave, "pirate ship mate" and ship captain dna all rolled up or molested into one; some French, some english some African some Spanish to create such an inner conflict that became a culture( uno, dos, tres Rasta, Fook, innit? Don't make me cross or vex with you while I dismember us, cutting you or us in half with a social manipulation game as an Antichrist family and culture that stole children as you hide yourself! Do you know if Marley was stolen and raised by other people as he seems to have been a little Chinese but was told to say he was part Black and the son of an English Navy officer for the authority?) Post 1830 people believed in humanity and potential like Queen Victoria said- she was tri-lingual, gave the Arawak respect in drafting a coat of arms for the Island and thought you should have a reasonable life without molestation.) family. Maybe the only people with voting rights after gay rights will be people who own ten acres since most gay people tend to resent a belief in a G-d and then we will find ourselves right back at some beginning when people who own ten acres will have hire private armies since there are more people on the earth than one or thirteen families in every town who own 10 or more acres and in this, we will understand why the magna carta was written since even a Gatling gun will run out of bullets eventually as the hordes rush the house to get your bacon and eggs and eat off your plate again. This is the royal law.

If everyone is saying a creed of peace, then there should be peace. Mary is a child of God, the mother of Jesus; full of Grace.

So, how could you understand Psalms 82 or the Pikuach Nefesh if as a third generation descendant of the Assyrian occupation during the time of Christ, you spent most of your time denying your own and actual ancestry while claiming to be a member of a tribe of Israel?  You will have broken the commandment that said honor your parents indirectly. You are also coveting something that does not belong to you such as the ancestral home of the people Israel. It is an unusual disposition and you justify your existence by claiming to be children of Abraham; not children of Israel.  Would that be the children of Hagar, Keturah or Sarah....so that you might be equal?   This is just a discussion since it might help to understand what is eating at you and your emotions.   How long will this really take?  If everyone is saying a creed of peace, then there should be peace.  Mary is a child of God, the mother of Jesus; full of Grace.

Special Presentation.

Watchmen; The Weak President Protocol: A new movie coming out soon as a Sequel to Watchmen with Charles Xavier doing an excellent cameo role.

How does a weak president hide their weakness? They create a situation of terror  for the purposes of having absolute control.  It is rumored that Louis the 16th created a food shortage to achieve this terror.  It could be that they start a war.   A new movie coming out soon as a Sequel to Watchmen with Charles Xavier doing an excellent cameo role. It began with a few runaway nazi Scientists who defected and worked for Nasa. They brought Goebbel's saliva in pressure sealed cups. They spread this dna through orphanages and also with the assistance of a few colleagues who became gynecologists.The children seem compliant but they will certainly become resistant around Sunday school time and a few gave apples to Sunday School teachers that were designed to maim or kill the teacher. This incubating generation became sex drugs and rock and roll and there is nothing wrong with respecting the importance of association. You can schedule it around your Study time as in going to the Rideout pub every Friday night maybe and then you get up Saturday afternoon by 1pm to study again. But, most of these people did not learn anything and seemed to be coached through the process. They were told that they would be Kings and Queens while they drank Absolut Vodka believing what their coaches told them about absolute authority. By 1968, two of them, one black and one white became victims when asked to shoot Martin Luther King by Nixon.  They weren't very educated and seemed fearful that someone would find out. Anyone who unwittingly became a target of their fears ended up feeling harassed all day such that it became obvious that these people and their wives weren't educated never attended any school any where and could not have or else they would consider a graduate just a graduate and not a threat to their true identity.  Aren't you just a graduate?  Eventually, because they did not know anything, they became very afraid in their fields of endeavour that people would find out. They emoted accorindlgy; ".. I don't really understand anything and I am afraid someone will find out." A lot of genuine graduates would become victim to this vacuum of the dunce. The first victim was Awetu Muhamad Amandlaocama who after shooting Martin Luther King with a Winky Hoover Dinklyton. Dinklyton put MLK into the Atantic ocean off a second tier Kennedy family Yacht. The yacht owner's name is not clear but it may have been something quite Bajan Irish.   Jackie called him a born philanderer. Both of the victims got pairs of MLK's underwear to wear from Coretta and they wore them almost daily for the authority while they were told to re-write MLK's works for authority. They were warned that they would not realy graduate though since it would offend the University charter where they may attend and that they would be deleted eventually as graduates. They were asked to follow diligently but to keep some LSd nearby at all times in the event they have to speak in public or when asked to do a bank robbery. It was very easy for the Nazi defectors to build their secret machinations in the 1950's U.S., like a time bomb for an eventual future with colleagues with similar dna in place all around the world. They were told that, "..black or white, you will know them."   They would fight anything called Christian and report on God fearing peoples. They learned how to create doubt concerning such individuals who would be attacked for being church members.  Some of these Nazi dna people would join churches as administrators and secretaries and hurt people who they said believed in God to actually see a result and if they did see a result and testify, they would decide that that was enough testimony for one person in one life time and would attack them but subtly to avoid detection. But, eventually they would get their second coming. It's happened soo many time now that there must be a second coming everytime another Antichrist with this Nazi dna that is really Marquis De Sade dna shows up(Many antichrists shall come-1st John 2:18) and then they put the second coming's blood in specially produced communion wine.  But, they really need to read Hebrews 9.  There were colleagues being born and raised in England as well and the hope was to see a polite rise of not a Hitler Germany but a Hitler world just underneath the surface of a democracy with the intention being absolute authority. In the right hour, the British colleague would reveal himself. His intention is to leave and he never did tell you about the EU's veto power on any decision that you may achieve sort of democratically by referendum. Your vote is not synonymous with leaving but it could be consensus to make an application to leave and even if so, your application is only an application that can be accepted or rejected under EU law. Do you know who he is? He's a toilet who was allowed to get attention for eating chocolate during class and he probably played a lot of pranks for attention. He is actually countryside poverty who was sterilized by his mates for trying to cheat with all of their girlfriends like some gay West Indian who can't believe he can have his own. He's a tosser who wanted to blame somebody for his social defects. So, he is pilfering pension funds. He killed his wife while in office to see if he could get away with it. See article 50. It was written by the British Parliament; by the same people who wrote the NHS, free education and DSS laws. Whatever you decide, that is not it for this generation but it will be for bastard gay boy. He had a nice Express type suit on and tie today though while lying to you. Why do you put up with it? He spits in your faces. If you tolerate him for another day, you are a really sick country. Where's the Brit? Apparently, she or he has already made a deal with her to fire a nuclear missile at Russia three months after she wins;a missile to be fired from a US nuclear sub for 3 billion us dollars that is his sub now. It will have a US imprint but fired by him or her. He said he is agreeing because he hits on anything that calls God. It is a belief in Nazi dna; his belief and her belief. This should be a story coming to a theatre near you.

Special Movie Presentation.

Special Presentation.

Did you know Mephibosheth took David's potty water and goblet and decided to start his own nation down the road from Israel with David's dna mixed with Mephibosheth's dna?

Did you know Mephibosheth took David's potty water and goblet and decided to start his own nation down the road from Israel with David's dna mixed with Mephibosheth's dna? David should never have shown him any kindness.   Eventually, one of the children became Xerxes the 1st.  The other children becamse very thoughtful about dna, King David, and about ensuring their children would be the very best available in the dna market. Many of them have founded roots in Commonwealth countries such as Guyana since the 17th century/1600's. They should have been looking for Jeroboam dna since he had the longest line of kings as a King of Israel. But, David's story included killing a bear and lion and a giant but he wasn't the only one who could use a sling shot and hit a target. But, in comparison to Jeroboam, David is no comparison. David seems to be equal to Saul who may have written the Psalms and maybe David stole them.  The real son of David today is a high ranking American politician named...it begins with an R and ends with a D.  Did you know Micah, Mephibosheth's son, was an idolater who created a temple made out of silver?  

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephibosheth 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micah%27s_Idol

There are many news outlets on the internet that have identified CNN as a propaganda machine that is equivalent to the old Russian Pravda.  The end result is the end of democracy that is now replaced by a CNN-ocracy.  Polls and debates are just preparation for the pre-decided system answer.  If you google CNN with the word propaganda, you will find lots of commentary on the issue.  The question who is worried about the democratic vote.  The democratic answer never really changes very much from party to party.  The goal seems to be to achieve a consensus on the devaluation of human life and the human being in seeking an absolute authority; that they can molest a population and any citizen any where when ever they want because you might have believed in the right to rise by doing your home work.

http://gmc.sagepub.com/content/11/2/103.abstract    

Special Presentation.

Jesus had a house of His own. He was a carpenter or is there some suggestion that He had need of a nest, a hole or somewhere to lay His head? The original scriptures do not intimate any such disposition concerning his need for a home in Israel.

Jesus had a house of his own. He was a carpenter or is there some suggestion that He had need of a nest, a hole or somewhere to lay His head?   The original scriptures do not intimate any such disposition concerning his need for a home in Israel. The suggestion could really put some genuine seekers off the gospel message for three score and ten.  Let the reader understand. Google "..three score and ten."

The year 1539.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1539.

Clinton est le bon roi politicien.

Clinton est le bon roi politicien.  Je t'aime il bien et 'enorme sur et il bon idees.  Mais fais il parle en francais?  J'un cest pas. Mais il est d'accord.  Le Americans est tres mal parce que nous n'a pas comprend en francais en masse et parce que nous ne faison pas ressentir egal.  Il est le politics de le plus bas denominateur mais il est  aussi tres brillant a' le Americain.  Tu comprend?            

Nicene Creed. Did you know the full Nicene Creed does not allow divorce?

Nicene Creed

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed 

Icon depicting the Emperor Constantine, accompanied by thebishops of the First Council of Nicaea (325), holding the Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381.

The Nicene Creed (Greek: Σύμβολον τῆς Νικαίας or τῆς πίστεως, Latin: Symbolum Nicaenum) is a profession of faith widely used in Christian liturgy.

It is called Nicene /ˈnaɪsiːn/ because it was originally adopted in the city of Nicaea(present day Iznik, Turkey) by the First Council of Nicaea in 325.^[1] In 381, it was amended at the First Council of Constantinople, and the amended form is referred to as the Nicene or the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed.

The churches of Oriental Orthodoxy and the Assyrian churches use this profession of faith with the verbs in the original plural ("we believe") form. The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church use it with the verbs of believing changed to the singular ("I believe") form. The Anglican Communion and manyProtestant denominations also use it, sometimes with the verbs of believing in the plural form but generally in the singular. The creed in all of the churches, including the Anglican, indicates that divorce is not allowed by the church and nor is it approved but if so, it will not lead to ex-communication. Henry the 8th was not ex-communicated from his new church and he did not approve of divorce as the head of the church.  The real reason for the creation of an English church was language of service and a belief in perpetuating the language via  religion throughout it's territories.  Who could found a church on the right to divorce since the word says God hates divorce?   He was an absolute authority and required a latitude to achieve his hope for a certain kind of heir. He wasn't hoping for a boy necessarily but for an heir that was musical and that loved learning. Further to this, he believed in the divine right of kings but you couldn't necessarily have a divine right if you did not believe in God and sit for the safety, protection and perpetuation of the commonwealth.  Mary is the mother of Jesus and a child of God but she cannot be the mother of Hashem who is also referred to as Yahweh.  Catholicism is essentially Messianic Judaism.   

The Apostles' Creed is also used in the Latin West, but not in the Easternliturgies.^[2][3][4] On Sundays and some other days, one or other of these two creeds is recited in the Roman Rite Mass after the homily. The Nicene Creed is also part of the profession of faith required of those undertaking important functions within theCatholic Church.^[5][6]

In the Byzantine Rite, the Nicene Creed is sung or recited at the Divine Liturgy, immediately preceding the Anaphora (Eucharistic Prayer), and is also recited daily at compline.^[7][8]

Contents

  [hide] 

• 1Nomenclature
• 2History
  • 2.1Original Nicene Creed of 325
  • 2.2Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed
  • 2.3Comparison between Creed of 325 and Creed of 381
  • 2.4Filioque controversy
  • 2.5Views on the importance of this creed
• 3Ancient liturgical versions
  • 3.1Greek liturgical text
  • 3.2Latin liturgical version
  • 3.3Armenian liturgical text
  • 3.4Other ancient liturgical versions
• 4English translations
  • 4.1International Consultation on English Texts
  • 4.2Other English translations
• 5See also
• 6References
• 7Bibliography
• 8External links

Nomenclature[edit]

There are several designations for the two forms of the Nicene creed, some with overlapping meanings:

• Nicene Creed or the Creed of Nicaea is used to refer to the original version adopted at the First Council of Nicaea(325), to the revised version adopted by the First Council of Constantinople (381), to the Latin version that includes the phrase "Deum de Deo" and "Filioque",^[9] and to the Armenian version, which does not include "and from the Son", but does include "God from God" and many other phrases.^[10]
• Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed can stand for the revised version of Constantinople (381) or the later Latin version^[11] or various other versions.^[12]
• Icon/Symbol of the Faith is the usual designation for the revised version of Constantinople 381 in the Orthodox churches, where this is the only creed used in the liturgy.
• Profession of Faith of the 318 Fathers refers specifically to the version of Nicea 325 (traditionally, 318 bishops took part at the First Council of Nicea).
• Profession of Faith of the 150 Fathers refers specifically to the version of Constantinople 381 (traditionally, 150 bishops took part at the First Council of Constantinople).

In musical settings, particularly when sung in Latin, this Creed is usually referred to by its first word, Credo.

History[edit]

Oldest extant manuscript of the Nicene Creed, dated to the 5th Century

The purpose of a creed is to provide a doctrinal statement of correct belief, or orthodoxy. The creeds of Christianity have been drawn up at times of conflict about doctrine: acceptance or rejection of a creed served to distinguish believers and deniers of a particular doctrine or set of doctrines. For that reason a creed was called in Greek a σύμβολον (Eng. symbolon), a word that meant half of a broken object which, when placed together with the other half, verified the bearer's identity. The Greek word passed through Latin "symbolum" into English "symbol", which only later took on the meaning of an outward sign of something.^[13]

The Nicene Creed was adopted in the face of the Arian controversy, whose leader,Arius, was a member of the clergy of Alexandria. "Arius objected to Alexander's (the bishop of the time) apparent carelessness in blurring the distinction of nature between the Father and the Son by his emphasis on eternal generation".^[14]Alexander accused Arius of denying the divinity of the Son and also of being too "Jewish" and "Greek" in his thought. Both Arius and Alexander rejected Gnosticism,Manichaeism and Sabellian formulae. The Nicene Creed was created as a result of the extensive adoption of the doctrine of Arius far outside Alexandria, in order to clarify the key tenets of the Christian faith.

The Nicene Creed of 325 explicitly affirms the co-essential divinity of the Son, applying to him the term "consubstantial". The 381 version speaks of the Holy Spirit as worshipped and glorified with the Father and the Son. The Athanasian Creed(not used in Eastern Christianity) describes in much greater detail the relationship between Father, Son and Holy Spirit. TheApostles' Creed makes no explicit statements about the divinity of the Son and the Holy Spirit, but, in the view of many who use it, the doctrine is implicit in it.

Original Nicene Creed of 325[edit]

Nicene Creed
Created	325
Author(s)	First Council of Nicaea

Main article: First Council of Nicaea

The original Nicene Creed was first adopted in 325 at the First Council of Nicaea. At that time, the text ended with the words "We believe in the Holy Spirit", after which various anathemas against arian propositions were added.^[15] (For other differences, see Comparison between Creed of 325 and Creed of 381, below.)

F.J.A. Hort and Adolf Harnack argued that the Nicene creed was the local creed of Caesarea (an important center of Early Christianity) recited in the council by Eusebius of Caesarea. Their case relied largely on a very specific interpretation of Eusebius' own account of the Council´s proceedings.^[16] More recent scholarship has not been convinced by their arguments.^[17] The large number of secondary divergences from the text of the creed produced by Eusebius make it unlikely that it was used as a starting–point by those who drafted the conciliar creed.^[18] Their initial text was probably a local creed from a Syro–Palestinian source into which they awkwardly inserted phrases to define the Nicene theology.^[19]

Soon after the Council of Nicaea, new formulae of faith were composed, most of them variations of the Nicene Symbol, to counter new phases of Arianism. The Catholic Encyclopedia identifies at least four before the Council of Sardica (341), where a new form was presented and inserted in the Acts of the Council, though it was not agreed on.

Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed[edit]

The Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed
Created	381
Author(s)	First Council of Constantinople

What is known as the "Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed" or the "Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed"^[20] received this name because of a belief that it was adopted at the Second Ecumenical Council held in Constantinople in 381 as a modification of the original Nicene Creed of 325. In that light, it also came to be very commonly known simply as the "Nicene Creed". It is the only authoritative ecumenical statement of the Christian faith accepted by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, and the major Protestant denominations.^[21][22] (The Apostles' and Athanasian creeds are not as widely accepted.)^[23]

It differs in a number of respects, both by addition and omission, from the creed adopted at the First Council of Nicaea. The most notable difference is the additional section "And [we believe] in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver-of-Life, who proceedeth from the Father, who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified, who spake by the prophets. And [we believe] in one, holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. We acknowledge one Baptism for the remission of sins, [and] we look for the resurrection of the dead and the life of the world to come. Amen."^[24]

Since the end of the 19th century,^[25] scholars have questioned the traditional explanation of the origin of this creed, which has been passed down in the name of the council, whose official acts have been lost over time. A local council of Constantinople in 382 and the third ecumenical council (Ephesus, 431) made no mention of it,^[26] with the latter affirming the 325 creed of Nicaea as a valid statement of the faith and using it to denounce Nestorianism. Though some scholarship claims that hints of the later creed's existence are discernible in some writings,^[27] no extant document gives its text or makes explicit mention of it earlier than the fourth ecumenical council at Chalcedon in 451.^[25][26][28] Many of the bishops of the 451 council themselves had never heard of it and initially greeted it skeptically, but it was then produced from the episcopal archives of Constantinople, and the council accepted it "not as supplying any omission but as an authentic interpretation of the faith of Nicaea".^[26] In spite of the questions raised, it is considered most likely that this creed was in fact adopted at the 381 second ecumenical council.^[23]

On the basis of evidence both internal and external to the text, it has been argued that this creed originated not as an editing of the original Creed proposed at Nicaea in 325, but as an independent creed (probably an older baptismal creed) modified to make it more like the Nicene Creed.^[29] Some scholars have argued that the creed may have been presented at Chalcedon as "a precedent for drawing up new creeds and definitions to supplement the Creed of Nicaea, as a way of getting round the ban on new creeds in Canon 7 of Ephesus".^[28] It is generally agreed that the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed is not simply an expansion of the Creed of Nicaea, and was probably based on another traditional creed independent of the one from Nicaea.^[25][23]

The third Ecumenical Council (Council of Ephesus of 431) reaffirmed the original 325 version^[30] of the Nicene Creed and declared that "it is unlawful for any man to bring forward, or to write, or to compose a different" (ἑτέραν – more accurately translated as used by the Council to mean "different," "contradictory," and not "another")^[31] faith as a rival to that established by the holy Fathers assembled with the Holy Ghost in Nicaea" (i.e., the 325 creed)^[32] This statement has been interpreted as a prohibition against changing this creed or composing others, but not all accept this interpretation.^[33] This question is connected with the controversy whether a creed proclaimed by an Ecumenical Council is definitive in excluding not only excisions from its text but also additions to it.

In one respect, the Eastern Orthodox Church's received text^[34] of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed differs from the earliest text, which is included in the acts of the Council of Chalcedon of 451: The Eastern Orthodox Church uses the singular forms of verbs such as "I believe", in place of the plural form ("we believe") used by the council. Byzantine RiteEastern Catholic Churches use exactly the same form of the Creed, since the Catholic Church teaches that it is wrong to add "and the Son" to the Greek verb "ἐκπορευόμενον", though correct to add it to the Latin "qui procedit", which does not have precisely the same meaning.^[35] The form generally used in Western churches does add "and the Son" and also the phrase "God from God", which is found in the original 325 Creed.^[36]

Comparison between Creed of 325 and Creed of 381[edit]

The following table, which indicates by [square brackets] the portions of the 325 text that were omitted or moved in 381, and uses italics to indicate what phrases, absent in the 325 text, were added in 381, juxtaposes the earlier (325 AD) and later (381 AD) forms of this Creed in the English translation given in Schaff's work, Creeds of Christendom.^[37]

First Council of Nicea (325)	First Council of Constantinople (381)
We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of all things visible and invisible.	We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker ofheaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible.
And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, begotten of the Father [the only-begotten; that is, of the essence of the Father, God of God,] Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father;	And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds (æons), Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father;
By whom all things were made [both in heaven and on earth];	by whom all things were made;
Who for us men, and for our salvation, came down and wasincarnate and was made man;	who for us men, and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Ghost of the Virgin Mary, and was made man;
He suffered, and the third day he rose again, ascended into heaven;	he was crucified for us under Pontius Pilate, and suffered,and was buried, and the third day he rose again, according to the Scriptures, and ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of the Father;
From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.	from thence he shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead. ;
	whose kingdom shall have no end.
And in the Holy Ghost.	And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of life, who proceedeth from the Father, who with the Father and the Son together is worshiped and glorified, who spake by the prophets.
	In one holy catholic and apostolic Church; we acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins; we look for theresurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.
[But those who say: 'There was a time when he was not;' and 'He was not before he was made;' and 'He was made out of nothing,' or 'He is of another substance' or 'essence,' or 'The Son of God is created,' or 'changeable,' or 'alterable'— they are condemned by the holy catholic and apostolic Church.]

The texts in Greek, as given on the Web site Symbolum Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum – Greek, can be presented in a similar way, as follows:

First Council of Nicaea (325)	First Council of Constantinople (381)
Πιστεύομεν εἰς ἕνα θεὸν Πατέρα παντοκράτορα, πάντων ὁρατῶν τε και ἀοράτων ποιητήν.	Πιστεύομεν εἰς ἕνα θεὸν Πατέρα παντοκράτορα, ποιητὴν οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς, ὁρατῶν τε πάντων καὶ ἀοράτων.
Πιστεύομεν εἰς ἕνα κύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν, τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ, γεννηθέντα ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς μονογενῆ, τοὐτέστιν ἐκ τῆς οὐσίας τοῦ Πατρός, θεὸν ἐκ θεοῦ ἀληθινοῦ, γεννηθέντα, οὐ ποιηθέντα, ὁμοούσιον τῷ Πατρί	Καὶ εἰς ἕνα κύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν, τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ, τὸν ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς γεννηθέντα πρὸ πάντων τῶν αἰώνων, φῶς ἐκ φωτός, θεὸν ἀληθινὸν ἐκ θεοῦ ἀληθινοῦ, γεννηθέντα οὐ ποιηθέντα, ὁμοούσιον τῷ Πατρί·
δι' οὗ τὰ πάντα ἐγένετο, τά τε ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς	δι' οὗ τὰ πάντα ἐγένετο·
τὸν δι' ἡμᾶς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ διὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν σωτηρίαν κατελθόντα καὶ σαρκωθέντα καὶ ἐνανθρωπήσαντα,	τὸν δι' ἡμᾶς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ διὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν σωτηρίαν κατελθόντα ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν καὶ σαρκωθέντα ἐκ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου καὶ Μαρίας τῆς παρθένου καὶ ἐνανθρωπήσαντα,
παθόντα, καὶ ἀναστάντα τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ, καὶ ἀνελθόντα εἰς τοὺς οὐρανούς,	σταυρωθέντα τε ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου, καὶ παθόντα καὶ ταφέντα, καὶ ἀναστάντα τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρα κατὰ τὰς γραφάς, καὶ ἀνελθόντα εἰς τοὺς οὐρανούς, καὶ καθεζόμενον ἐκ δεξιῶν τοῦ Πατρός,
καὶ ἐρχόμενον κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς.	καὶ πάλιν ἐρχόμενον μετὰ δόξης κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς·
	οὗ τῆς βασιλείας οὐκ ἔσται τέλος.
Καὶ εἰς τὸ Ἅγιον Πνεῦμα.	Καὶ εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον, τὸ κύριον, (καὶ) τὸ ζῳοποιόν, τὸ ἐκ τοῦ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον, τὸ σὺν Πατρὶ καὶ Υἱῷ συμπροσκυνούμενον καὶ συνδοξαζόμενον, τὸ λαλῆσαν διὰ τῶν προφητῶν. Εἰς μίαν, ἁγίαν, καθολικὴν καὶ ἀποστολικὴν ἐκκλησίαν· ὁμολογοῦμεν ἓν βάπτισμα εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν· προσδοκοῦμεν ἀνάστασιν νεκρῶν, καὶ ζωὴν τοῦ μέλλοντος αἰῶνος. Ἀμήν.
Τοὺς δὲ λέγοντας, ὅτι ἦν ποτε ὅτε οὐκ ἦν, καὶ πρὶν γεννηθῆναι οὐκ ἦν, καὶ ὅτι ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων ἐγένετο, ἢ ἐξ ἑτέρας ὑποστάσεως ἢ οὐσίας φάσκοντας εἶναι, [ἢ κτιστόν,] τρεπτὸν ἢ ἀλλοιωτὸν τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ, [τούτους] ἀναθεματίζει ἡ καθολικὴ [καὶ ἀποστολικὴ] ἐκκλησία.

Filioque controversy[edit]

Main article: Filioque

In the late 6th century, some Latin-speaking churches added the words "and from the Son" (Filioque) to the description of the procession of the Holy Spirit, in what many Eastern Orthodox Christians have at a later stage argued is a violation ofCanon VII of the Third Ecumenical Council, since the words were not included in the text by either the Council of Nicaea or that of Constantinople.^[38]

The Vatican stated in 1995 that, while the words καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ ("and the Son") would indeed be heretical if used with the Greek verb ἐκπορεύομαι^[39]—which is one of the terms used by St. Gregory of Nazianzus and the one adopted by the Council of Constantinople^[35][40][41]—the word Filioque is not heretical when associated with the Latin verb procedo and the related word processio. Whereas the verb ἐκπορεύομαι (from ἐκ, "out of" and πορεύομαι "to come or go") in Gregory and other Fathers necessarily means "to originate from a cause or principle," the Latin term procedo (from pro, "forward;" andcedo, "to go") has no such connotation and simply denotes the communication of the Divine Essence or Substance. In this sense, processio is similar in meaning to the Greek term προϊέναι, used by the Fathers from Alexandria (especially Cyril of Alexandria) as well as others.^[35][42] Partly due to the influence of the Latin translations of the New Testament (especially of John 15:26), the term ἐκπορευόμενον (the present participle of ἐκπορεύομαι) in the creed was translated into Latin asprocedentem. In time, the Latin version of the Creed came to be interpreted in the West in the light of the Western concept of processio, which required the affirmation of the Filioque to avoid the heresy of Arianism.^[35][43]

Views on the importance of this creed[edit]

The view that the Nicene Creed can serve as a touchstone of true Christian faith is reflected in the name "symbol of faith", which was given to it in Greek and Latin, when in those languages the word "symbol" meant a "token for identification (by comparison with a counterpart)",^[44] and which continues in use even in languages in which "symbol" no longer has that meaning.

In the Roman Rite Mass, the Latin text of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, with "Deum de Deo" (God from God) and "Filioque" (and from the Son), phrases absent in the original text, was previously the only form used for the "profession of faith". The Roman Missal now refers to it jointly with the Apostles' Creed as "the Symbol or Profession of Faith or Creed", describing the second as "the baptismal Symbol of the Roman Church, known as the Apostles' Creed".^[45]

The liturgies of the ancient Churches of Eastern Christianity (Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, Assyrian Church of the East and the Eastern Catholic Churches), use the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, never the Western Apostles' Creed.

While in certain places where the Byzantine Rite is used, the choir or congregation sings the Creed at the Divine Liturgy, in many places the Creed is typically recited by the cantor, who in this capacity represents the whole congregation although many, and sometimes all, members of the congregation may join in rhythmic recitation. Where the latter is the practice, it is customary to invite, as a token of honor, any prominent lay member of the congregation who happens to be present, e.g., royalty, a visiting dignitary, the Mayor, etc., to recite the Creed in lieu of the cantor. This practice stems from the tradition that the prerogative to recite the Creed belonged to the Emperor, speaking for his populace.

Some evangelical and other Christians consider the Nicene Creed helpful and to a certain extent authoritative, but not infallibly so in view of their belief that only Scripture is truly authoritative.^[46][47] Other groups, such as the Church of the New Jerusalem, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and the Jehovah's Witnesses explicitly reject some of the statements in the Creed.^{[48][49][50][51]}

Ancient liturgical versions[edit]

This section is not meant to collect the texts of all liturgical versions of the Nicene Creed, and provides only three, the Greek, the Latin, and the Armenian, of special interest. Others are mentioned separately, but without the texts. All ancient liturgical versions, even the Greek, differ at least to some small extent from the text adopted by the First Councils of Nicaea and Constantinople. The Creed was originally written in Greek, owing to the location of the two councils.^[10]

But though the councils' texts have "Πιστεύομεν ... ὁμολογοῦμεν ... προσδοκοῦμεν" (we believe ... confess ... await), the Creed that the Churches of Byzantine tradition use in their liturgy has "Πιστεύω ... ὁμολογῶ ... προσδοκῶ" (I believe ... confess ... await), accentuating the personal nature of recitation of the Creed. The Latin text, as well as using the singular, has two additions: "Deum de Deo" (God from God) and "Filioque" (and from the Son). The Armenian text has many more additions, and is included as showing how that ancient church has chosen to recite the Creed with these numerous elaborations of its contents.^[10]

An English translation of the Armenian text is added; English translations of the Greek and Latin liturgical texts are given atEnglish versions of the Nicene Creed in current use.

Greek liturgical text[edit]

Πιστεύω εἰς ἕνα Θεόν, Πατέρα, Παντοκράτορα, ποιητὴν οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς, ὁρατῶν τε πάντων καὶ ἀοράτων.

Καὶ εἰς ἕνα Κύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν, τὸν Υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ, τὸν ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς γεννηθέντα πρὸ πάντων τῶν αἰώνων·

φῶς ἐκ φωτός, Θεὸν ἀληθινὸν ἐκ Θεοῦ ἀληθινοῦ, γεννηθέντα οὐ ποιηθέντα, ὁμοούσιον τῷ Πατρί, δι' οὗ τὰ πάντα ἐγένετο.

Τὸν δι' ἡμᾶς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ διὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν σωτηρίαν κατελθόντα ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν καὶ σαρκωθέντα

ἐκ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου καὶ Μαρίας τῆς Παρθένου καὶ ἐνανθρωπήσαντα.

Σταυρωθέντα τε ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου, καὶ παθόντα καὶ ταφέντα.

Καὶ ἀναστάντα τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ κατὰ τὰς Γραφάς.

Καὶ ἀνελθόντα εἰς τοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ καθεζόμενον ἐκ δεξιῶν τοῦ Πατρός.

Καὶ πάλιν ἐρχόμενον μετὰ δόξης κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς, οὗ τῆς βασιλείας οὐκ ἔσται τέλος.

Καὶ εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον, τὸ κύριον, τὸ ζῳοποιόν,

τὸ ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον,

τὸ σὺν Πατρὶ καὶ Υἱῷ συμπροσκυνούμενον καὶ συνδοξαζόμενον,

τὸ λαλῆσαν διὰ τῶν προφητῶν.

Εἰς μίαν, Ἁγίαν, Καθολικὴν καὶ Ἀποστολικὴν Ἐκκλησίαν.

Ὁμολογῶ ἓν βάπτισμα εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν.

Προσδοκῶ ἀνάστασιν νεκρῶν.

Καὶ ζωὴν τοῦ μέλλοντος αἰῶνος.

Ἀμήν.^[52][53]

Latin liturgical version[edit]

17th-century Russian icon illustrating the articles of the Creed

Credo in unum Deum,

Patrem omnipoténtem,

Factórem cæli et terræ,

Visibílium ómnium et invisibílium.

Et in unum Dóminum Iesum Christum,

Fílium Dei Unigénitum,

Et ex Patre natum ante ómnia sǽcula.

Deum de Deo, lumen de lúmine, Deum verum de Deo vero,

Génitum, non factum, consubstantiálem Patri:

Per quem ómnia facta sunt.

Qui propter nos hómines et propter nostram salútem

Descéndit de cælis.

Et incarnátus est de Spíritu Sancto

Ex María Vírgine, et homo factus est.

Crucifíxus étiam pro nobis sub Póntio Piláto;

Passus, et sepúltus est,

Et resurréxit tértia die, secúndum Scriptúras,

Et ascéndit in cælum, sedet ad déxteram Patris.

Et íterum ventúrus est cum glória,

Iudicáre vivos et mórtuos,

Cuius regni non erit finis.

Et in Spíritum Sanctum, Dóminum et vivificántem:

Qui ex Patre Filióque procédit.

Qui cum Patre et Fílio simul adorátur et conglorificátur:

Qui locútus est per prophétas.

Et unam, sanctam, cathólicam et apostólicam Ecclésiam.

Confíteor unum baptísma in remissiónem peccatórum.

Et expécto resurrectiónem mortuórum,

Et vitam ventúri sǽculi. Amen.^[54]

The Latin text adds "Deum de Deo" and "Filioque" to the Greek. On the latter see The Filioque Controversy above. Inevitably also, the overtones of the terms used, such as "παντοκράτορα" (pantokratora) and "omnipotentem" differ ("pantokratora" meaning Ruler of all; "omnipotentem" meaning omnipotent, Almighty). The implications of this for the interpretation of "ἐκπορευόμενον" and "qui ... procedit" was the object of the study The Greek and the Latin Traditions regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit published by the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity in 1996.^[55]

Again, the terms "ὁμοούσιον" and "consubstantialem", translated as "of one being" or "consubstantial", have different overtones, being based respectively on Greek οὐσία (stable being, immutable reality, substance, essence, true nature),[3]and Latin substantia (that of which a thing consists, the being, essence, contents, material, substance).^[55]

"Credo", which in classical Latin is used with the accusative case of the thing held to be true (and with the dative of the person to whom credence is given),^[56] is here used three times with the preposition "in", a literal translation of the Greek "εἰς" (in unum Deum ..., in unum Dominum ..., in Spiritum Sanctum ...), and once in the classical preposition-less construction (unam, sanctam, catholicam et apostolicam Ecclesiam).

Armenian liturgical text[edit]

Հաւատամք ի մի Աստուած, ի Հայրն ամենակալ, յարարիչն երկնի եւ երկրի, երեւելեաց եւ աներեւութից։

Եւ ի մի Տէր Յիսուս Քրիստոս, յՈրդին Աստուծոյ, ծնեալն յԱստուծոյ Հօրէ, միածին՝ այսինքն յէութենէ Հօր։

Աստուած յԱստուծոյ, լոյս ի լուսոյ, Ասւ թեան իջեալ յերկնից՝ մարմնացաւ, մարդացաւ, ծնաւ կատարելապէս ի Մարիամայ սրբոյ կուսէն Հոգւովն սրբով։

Որով էառ զմարմին, զհոգի եւ զմիտ, եւ զամենայն որ ինչ է ի մարդ, ճշմարտապէս եւ ոչ կարծեօք։

Չարչարեալ, խաչեալ, թաղեալ, յերրորդ աւուր յարուցեալ, ելեալ ի յերկինս նովին մարմնով, նստաւ ընդ աջմէ Հօր։

Գալոց է նովին մարմնովն եւ փառօք Հօր ի դատել զկենդանիս եւ զմեռեալս, որոյ թագաւորութեանն ոչ գոյ վախճան։

Հաւատամք եւ ի սուրբ Հոգին, յանեղն եւ ի կատարեալն․ Որ խօսեցաւ յօրէնս եւ ի մարգարէս եւ յաւետարանս․ Որ էջն ի Յորդանան, քարոզեաց զառաքեալսն, եւ բնակեցաւ ի սուրբսն։

Հաւատամք եւ ի մի միայն, ընդհանրական, եւ առաքելական, Սուրբ Եկեղեցի․ ի մի մկրտութիւն, յապաշխարհութիւն, ի քաւութիւն եւ ի թողութիւն մեղաց․ ի յարութիւնն մեռելոց․ ի դատաստանն յաւիտենից հոգւոց եւ մարմնոց․ յարքայութիւնն երկնից, եւ ի կեանսն յաւիտենականս։

English translation of the Armenian version

We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, the maker of heaven and earth, of things visible and invisible.

And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the begotten of God the Father, the Only-begotten, that is of the essence of the Father.

God of God, Light of Light, true God of true God, begotten and not made; of the very same nature of the Father, by Whom all things came into being, in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible.

Who for us humanity and for our salvation came down from heaven, was incarnate, was made human, was born perfectly of the holy virgin Mary by the Holy Spirit.

By whom He took body, soul, and mind, and everything that is in man, truly and not in semblance.

He suffered, was crucified, was buried, rose again on the third day, ascended into heaven with the same body, [and] sat at the right hand of the Father.

He is to come with the same body and with the glory of the Father, to judge the living and the dead; of His kingdom there is no end.

We believe in the Holy Spirit, in the uncreated and the perfect; Who spoke through the Law, prophets, and Gospels; Who came down upon the Jordan, preached through the apostles, and lived in the saints.

We believe also in only One, Universal, Apostolic, and [Holy] Church; in one baptism in repentance, for the remission, and forgiveness of sins; and in the resurrection of the dead, in the everlasting judgement of souls and bodies, and the Kingdom of Heaven and in the everlasting life.^[57]

Other ancient liturgical versions[edit]

The version in the Church Slavonic language, used by several Eastern Orthodox Churches is practically identical with the Greek liturgical version.

This version is used also by some Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic Churches. Although the Union of Brest excluded addition of the Filioque, this was sometimes added by Ruthenian Catholics,^[58] whose liturgical books now give the phrase in brackets, and by Ukrainian Catholics. Writing in 1971, the Ruthenian Scholar Fr. Casimir Kucharek noted, "In Eastern Catholic Churches, the Filioque may be omitted except when scandal would ensue. Most of the Eastern Catholic Rites use it."^[59] However, in the decades that followed 1971 it has come to be used more rarely.^[60][61][62]

The versions used by Oriental Orthodoxy differ from the Greek liturgical version in having "We believe", as in the original text, instead of "I believe".^[63]

The Church of the East, which is in communion neither with the Eastern Orthodox Church nor with Oriental Orthodoxy also uses "We believe".^[64]

English translations[edit]

Main article: English versions of the Nicene Creed

The version found in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer is still commonly used by some English speakers, but more modern translations are now more common.

International Consultation on English Texts[edit]

The International Consultation on English Texts published an English translation of the Nicene Creed, first in 1970 and then in successive revisions in 1971 and 1975. These texts were adopted by several churches.

The Roman Catholic Church in the United States, which adopted the 1971 version in 1973, and the Catholic Church in other English-speaking countries, which in 1975 adopted the version published in that year, continued to use them until 2011 upon the introduction of the Roman Missal third edition.

The 1975 version was included in the 1979 Episcopal Church (United States) Book of Common Prayer, though with one variation: in the line "For us men and for our salvation", it omitted the word "men".

Other English translations[edit]

For the text of the Nicene Creed published in 1988 by the English Language Liturgical Consultation, the successor body of the International Consultation on English Texts, see their website. For the text as recited in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, see the website of the Australian National Catholic Education Commission or Youcat, section 29.

See also[edit]

• Homoousian
• First seven Ecumenical Councils

References[edit]

1. Jump up^ Readings in the History of Christian Theology by William Carl Placher 1988 ISBN 0-664-24057-7 pages 52–53
2. Jump up^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04479a.htm
3. Jump up^ http://www.antiochian.org/content/nicene-creed
4. Jump up^ http://oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/doctrine/the-symbol-of-faith/nicene-creed
5. Jump up^ Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, "Profession of Faith"
6. Jump up^ Code of Canon Law, canon 833
7. Jump up^ [1] "Archbishop Averky Liturgics – The Small Compline", Retrieved 2013-04-14
8. Jump up^ [2] "Archbishop Averky Liturgics – The Symbol of Faith", Retrieved 2013-04-14
9. Jump up^ This version is called the Nicene Creed in Catholic Prayers, Creeds of the Catholic Church, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane, etc.
10. ^ Jump up to:^a b c What the Armenian Church calls the Nicene Creed is given in the Armenian Church Library, St Leon Armenian Church, Armenian Diaconate, etc.]
11. Jump up^ For instance, "Instead of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, especially during Lent and Easter time, the baptismal Symbol of the Roman Church, known as the Apostles' Creed, may be used" (in the Roman Rite ) (Roman Missal, Order of Mass, 19).
12. Jump up^ Philip Schaff, The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. III: article Constantinopolitan Creed lists eight creed-forms calling themselves Niceno-Constantinopolitan or Nicene.
13. Jump up^ Symbol. c.1434, "creed, summary, religious belief," from L.L. symbolum "creed, token, mark," from Gk. symbolon "token, watchword" (applied c.250 by Cyprian of Carthage to the Apostles' Creed, on the notion of the "mark" that distinguishes Christians from pagans), from syn- "together" + stem of ballein "to throw." The sense evolution is from "throwing things together" to "contrasting" to "comparing" to "token used in comparisons to determine if something is genuine." Hence, "outward sign" of something. The meaning "something which stands for something else" first recorded 1590 (in "Faerie Queene"). Symbolic is attested from 1680. (symbol. Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian. Accessed: 24 March 2008).
14. Jump up^ Lyman, J. Rebecca (2010). "The Invention of 'Heresy' and 'Schism'" (PDF). The Cambridge History of Christianity. Retrieved 2015-11-30.
15. Jump up^ Bindley, T. Herbert. The Oecumenical Documents of the Faith Methuen & C° 4th edn. 1950 revised by Green, F.W. pp. 15, 26–27
16. Jump up^ Kelly J.N.D. Early Christian Creeds Longmans (1963) pp. 217–8
17. Jump up^ Williams, Rowan. Arius SCM (2nd Edn 2001) pp. 69-70
18. Jump up^ Kelly J.N.D. Early Christian Creeds Longmans (1963) pp. 218f
19. Jump up^ Kelly J.N.D. Early Christian Creeds Longmans (1963) pp. 22–30
20. Jump up^ Both names are common. Instances of the former are in the Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church and in theRoman Missal, while the latter is used consistently by theFaith and Order Commission. "Constantinopolitan Creed" can also be found, but very rarely.
21. Jump up^ "Religion Facts, four of the five Protestant denominations studied agree with the Nicene Creed and the fifth may as well, they just don't do creeds in general". RetrievedOctober 29, 2014.
22. Jump up^ "Christianity Today reports on a study that shows most evangelicals believe the basic Nicene formulation". Retrieved October 29, 2014.
23. ^ Jump up to:^a b c "Nicene Creed". Encyclopedia Britannica. RetrievedJune 16, 2013.
24. Jump up^ Schaff's Seven Ecumenical Councils: Second Ecumenical: The Holy Creed Which the 150 Holy Fathers Set Forth...
25. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Creeds Longmans (1960²)p. 305; p.307 & pp. 322–331 respectively
26. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Davis, Leo Donald S.J., The First Seven Ecumenical Councils, The Liturgical Press, Collegeville, Minnesota, 1990, ISBN 0-8146-5616-1, pp. 120–122 and 185
27. Jump up^ Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Creeds London, 1973
28. ^ Jump up to:^a b Richard Price, Michael Gaddis (editors), The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon (Liverpool University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-85323039-7), p. 3
29. Jump up^ Philip Schaff, The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. III: article Constantinopolitan Creed
30. Jump up^ It was the original 325 creed, not the one that is attributed to the second Ecumenical Council in 381, that was recited at the Council of Ephesus (The Third Ecumenical Council. The Council of Ephesus, p. 202).
31. Jump up^ Excursus on the Words πίστιν ἑτέραν
32. Jump up^ Canon VII of the Council of Ephesus
33. Jump up^ Excursus on the Words πίστιν ἑτέραν
34. Jump up^ Schaff's Creeds: Forma Recepta Ecclesiæ Orientalis. A.D. 381
35. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity: The Greek and the Latin Traditions regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit and same document on another site
36. Jump up^ Schaff's Creeds: Forma Recepta, Ecclesiæ Occidentalis
37. Jump up^ See Creeds of Christendom.
38. Jump up^ For a different view, see e.g. Excursus on the Words πίστιν ἑτέραν
39. Jump up^ http://biblehub.com/greek/1607.htm
40. Jump up^ St. Gregory of Nazianzus, Oratio 39 in sancta lumina, inPatrologia Graeca, ed. by J.P. Migne, vol. 36, D’Ambroise, Paris 1858, XII, PG 36, 348 B: Πνεῦμα ἅγιον ἀληθῶς τὸ πνεῦμα, προϊὸν μὲν ἐκ τοῦ Πατρὸς, οὐχ ὑϊκῶς δὲ, οὐδὲ γὰρ γεννητῶς, ἀλλ’ ἐκπορευτῶς [The Holy Spirit is truly Spirit, going from (προϊὸν, a word that can correspond to the Latinprocedens) the Father, not as a Son (οὐχ ὑϊκῶς) nor indeed as begotten (γεννητῶς) but as originating (ἐκπορευτῶς)].
41. Jump up^ St. Gregory of Nazianzus, Oration 31 on the Holy Spirit, in Patrologia Graeca, ed. by J.P. Migne, vol. 36, D’Ambroise, Paris 1858, X, PG 36, 141 C: Τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον, ὃ παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς ἐκπορεύεται· ὃ καθ’ ὅσον μὲν ἐκεῖθεν ἐκπορεύεται, οὐ κτίσμα· καθ’ ὅσον δὲ οὐ γεννητόν, οὐχ υἱός· καθ’ ὅσον δὲ ἀγεννήτου καὶ γεννητοῦ μέσον θεός: [The Holy Spirit, ‘who has his origin in the Father’ [John 15:26], who inasmuch as he has his origin in him, is not a creature. Inasmuch as he is not begotten, he is not the Son; inasmuch as he is the middle of the Unbegotten and the Begotten, he is God].
42. Jump up^ Such as St. Gregory of Nazianzen, as seen in the passage from Oratio 39 cited above.
43. Jump up^ Briefly, Arianism is a Trinitarian heresy that denies the divinity of the Son, the Second Person. It claims that the Son is subordinate to the Father, so much so that the Son is a mere creature. Orthodox (in the sense of non-heterodox) Trinitarian doctrine teaches that the Persons are distinct from each other only as regards their mutual relations. If the Father has the power to communicate the Divine essence to the Holy Spirit (which is the same thing as saying that the Holy Spirit proceeds—in the Latin sense—from the Father), it follows that the Son must have exactly the same power, since Father and Son are the same in every respect except in their mutual relation. Denying this (by denying theFilioque), Catholic doctrine would argue, would make the Son subordinate to the Father, as in Arianism.
44. Jump up^ See etymology given in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000
45. Jump up^ Ordo Missae, 18–19
46. Jump up^ N. R. Kehn, Scott Bayles, Restoring the Restoration Movement (Xulon Press 2009 ISBN 978-1-60791-358-0), chapter 7
47. Jump up^ Donald T. Williams, Credo (Chalice Press 2007 ISBN 978-0-8272-0505-5), pp. xiv–xv
48. Jump up^ Timothy Larsen, Daniel J. Treier, The Cambridge Companion to Evangelical Theology (Cambridge University Press 2007 9780521846981), p. 4
49. Jump up^ Dallin H. Oaks, Apostasy And Restoration, Ensign, May 1995
50. Jump up^ Stephen Hunt, Alternative Religions (Ashgate 2003 ISBN 978-0-7546-3410-2), p. 48
51. Jump up^ Charles Simpson, Inside the Churches of Christ(Arthurhouse 2009 ISBN 978-1-4389-0140-4), p. 133
52. Jump up^ Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America: Liturgical Texts. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America.
53. Jump up^ Η ΘΕΙΑ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΑ. Church of Greece.
54. Jump up^ Missale Romanum
55. ^ Jump up to:^a b Charlton T. Lewis, A Latin Dictionary
56. Jump up^ Lewis & Short
57. Jump up^ Text in Armenian, with transliteration and English translation
58. Jump up^ Andrew Shipman, "Ruthenian Rite" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1912)
59. Jump up^ Kucharek, Casimir (1971), The Byzantine-Slav Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom: Its Origin and Evolution, Combermere, Ontario, Canada: Alleluia Press., p. 547, ISBN 0-911726-06-3
60. Jump up^ Paul Babie, "The Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in Australia and the Filioque: A Return to Eastern Christian Tradition"
61. Jump up^ Pastoral Letter of the Ukrainian Catholic Hierarchy in Canada, 1 September 2005
62. Jump up^ Mark M. Morozowich, "Pope John Paul II and Ukrainian Catholic Liturgical Life: Renewal of Eastern Identity"
63. Jump up^ Nicene Creed (Armenian Apostolic Church); The Coptic Orthodox Church: Our Creed (Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria); Nicene Creed (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church); The Nicene Creed (Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church); The Nicene Creed (Syriac Orthodox Church).
64. Jump up^ Creed of Nicaea (Assyrian Church of the East)

Bibliography[edit]

• Ayres, Lewis (2006). Nicaea and Its Legacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-875505-8.
• A. E. Burn, The Council of Nicaea (1925)
• G. Forell, Understanding the Nicene Creed (1965)
• Kelly, J. (1982). Early Christian Creeds. City: Longman Publishing Group. ISBN 0-582-49219-X.

External links[edit]

•  The full text of Nicene Creed at Wikisource
•  Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article: Symbolum Nicænum Costantinopolitanum
•  Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article: Nicene Creed in Greek
• Extensive discussion of the texts of the First Council of Nicea
• Philip Schaff, Creeds of Christendom Volume I: Nicene Creed
• Athanasius, De Decretis or Defence of the Nicene Definition
• Line-by-Line Roman Catholic Explanation of the Nicene Creed
• Nicene Creed in languages of the world
• Essays on the Nicene Creed from the Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Library
• Modern English translations of the documents produced at Nicaea
• "The Nicene Creed", run time 42 minutes, BBC "In Our Time" audio history series, moderator and historians, Episode 12-27-2007

[show] v t e Prayers of the Catholic Church

[show] v t e Structure of the Mass of the Roman rite of the Catholic Church

[show] v t e The Lutheran Confessions — Documents of the Book of Concord

[show] v t e Order of the Divine Service in Lutheranism

Categories:

• 4th-century Christian texts
• Book of Concord
• Ecumenical creeds
• Trinitarianism
• Christian terminology
• 4th century in the Byzantine Empire