New!Clean Pure Christlike energy to move 1063 pounds of bricks in one sheer movement using the power of a man's back or horses requires energy.That is all!Abraham had no four wheel engined vehicle but he had faith and common sense to do whatever God demanded of him in a way that was efficient and respectful to all of God's creation of which he was a part.Abraham also had no written law; also true for Joseph or Jacob or Moses when Moses crossed the red sea.All posts are authored by Warren A.Lyon.
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Sunday, 14 October 2018
The Londinium(TM) Book Christian Mission Media Humanity Network Enjoy a good read today! : So, the Italians or Mediterraneans who I spoke to ...
The Londinium(TM) Book Christian Mission Media Humanity Network Enjoy a good read today! : So, the Italians or Mediterraneans who I spoke to ...: So, the Italians or Mediterraneans who I spoke to at the Orthodox Church and once at a Catholic church said that they tell the English peopl...
So, the Italians or Mediterraneans who I spoke to at the Orthodox Church and once at a Catholic church said that they tell the English people when they come to North America that they must know if they think the Italians who had already been here for quite some time will not be like them and that these new English arrivals had to understand their hegemony; that you had to be rude to Black people since they could not see how the West Indians could be related except they forgot about Cristobal and the Spaniards, Portuguese and Italian Catholic journeymen, soldiers and sailors and all the fracking, sucking and drilling that went on during their conquests in the West Indies with the Native populations and also with some of the non-indigenous Africans who they brought to diffuse the Natives and assist in settling the lands.You see, in Italy a White Italian family will give a little cheese and olive to a little Black boy who may be living in the area with his mother who washed and pressed her own curtains and dressed the kid with nice, matching clothing and they said to him "...you be good. You work hard." The only issue is both the English and the Mediterraneans can see their dna in those lands regardless of complexion but if it is about hegemony, the English would have had to loose their own legitimacy along with the Italians in breaching the Brit Milah which is the foundation of their Euro culture before, during and after Rome. The Gaelic French were in Britannia before Rome and shared the story of Abraham and the 12 tribes and the word of Yeshua as a son of one of the tribes spread like fire on its own accord. Our systemic forensics seems to have helped us understanding something else; that Herod the 1st was a eunuch. Herod the 2nd was a second King of Israel in the Assyrian occupation but he/she was really born a girl and was a sex operation into the polemic that tested the Briton against the laws of quiet, good and civilization in communal living.
So, the Italians or Mediterraneans who I spoke to at the Orthodox Church and once at a Catholic church said that they tell the English people when they come to North America that they must know if they think the Italians who had already been here for quite some time will not be like them and that these new English arrivals had to understand their hegemony; that you had to be rude to Black people since they could not see how the West Indians could be related except they forgot about Cristobal and the Spaniards, Portuguese and Italian Catholic journeymen, soldiers and sailors and all the fracking, sucking and drilling that went on during their conquests in the West Indies with the Native populations and also with some of the non-indigenous Africans who they brought to diffuse the Natives and assist in settling the lands.You see, in Italy a White Italian family will give a little cheese and olive to a little Black boy who may be living in the area with his mother who washed and pressed her own curtains and dressed the kid with nice, matching clothing and they said to him "...you be good. You work hard." The only issue is both the English and the Mediterraneans can see their dna in those lands regardless of complexion but if it is about hegemony, the English would have had to loose their own legitimacy along with the Italians in breaching the Brit Milah which is the foundation of their Euro culture before, during and after Rome. The Gaelic French were in Britannia before Rome and shared the story of Abraham and the 12 tribes and the word of Yeshua as a son of one of the tribes spread like fire on its own accord. Our systemic forensics seems to have helped us understanding something else; that Herod the 1st was a eunuch. Herod the 2nd was a second King of Israel in the Assyrian occupation but he/she was really born a girl and was a sex operation into the polemic that tested the Briton against the laws of quiet, good and civilization in communal living.
Friday, 12 October 2018
www.LondiniumTVChannel.com-food, travel and fashion: The 2020 Presidential election campaign on day one...
www.LondiniumTVChannel.com-food, travel and fashion: The 2020 Presidential election campaign on day one...: The 2020 Presidential election campaign on day one: The ten rationales to understand why basic income is absolutely necessary. See 1 to ...
Tuesday, 2 October 2018
The perfect spirit of international capitalism is asking you to learn by example and the evidence is in your hands as to the issue here. The issue is 'people' and you need to make 'people' your final and most important monument and consideration in every decision while you can be heard as saying you don't understand. Now, what man or woman in the Ozark is not part Irish, Dutch, Polish, German, Italian, Scottish or French in addition to being Native or Amerindian as we do say? The Wizard is working for the perfect spirit of international capitalism but after Reuther said he did not really understand what to do with the car worker whose job was automated, international capitalism decided to follow the route of walking with a child and hoping that he would stand on his own while the final result if you did not put the basic income in would be evident as the coincidental sepuku of the American family and peoples little by little and day by day as towns and communities disappear. The Wizard does not want this and he could make the state's resolve the plight of the down sized worker since it is not the goal of the Wizard to see them suffer and it is not the responsibility essentially of a car company manager yet there is always a communal partnership going on as between business and government to allow business to operate without destroying the environment and in certainly being able to participate with human need in the community. Giving the North American market and the North American people the buffer and inoculation against the attrition of automation is all that basic income is about. Any politician vs. the Wizard of Oz involves the politician trying to enliven industries that have been retired in North America; retired in accordance with the Wizard's global wisdom that involves what was best decidedly for North America for the next three hundred years and this involved a basic income at about $60,000.00 at current estimates but it is a ubi/basic income that will increase incrementally. Talks of 40,000 to 50,000 jobs in new resource deals is great and maybe it will help but the solution is already earmarked and people are to work as well as receive that basic income. Minnesota again is an example of how the citizen receives $60,000.00 and then an additional sum for his work as a bus driver or school teacher upwards of an additional $20-30,000.00. The national or North American pride and American wherewithal you wish to see and feel is to grow within the decisions and parameters already earmarked and set down for the next 300 years and we will enjoy what emerges technologically and creatively in America. But, we cannot upset the 300 year global capitalist agreements. Who would be trying to circumnavigate what the country needs by trying to turn the next election into his 'sure win' popularity contest with more saggy old blondes and bathing suit innuendo that never did really happen and all she wants is for her people in the Ozark to have some basic income to honor their ancestors who are buried in ancestral burial grounds yet the grand daughter of someone who feels or looks like Mrs. Crabtree or June Cleaver is a porn star begging Donald to just feed thy sheep like Peter in the bible was told to feed them if he loved the Lord? The grand daughter just wants to raise children. Grow some children and maintain the ways. Can you say Amen? I think the Joker knows your culture very well and is highly educated but he may have been brought into an economics of desperation some how but would never tolerate his children not attending school or else how would you be able to lead the pack in the desperation? What truly white person does not want education since isn't this chestnut culture white? Maybe 'white' is not the real issue but you do notice that if it was about white, then you would not wish to be at the low end of the spectrum without education; right? No; this is about how some people regardless of complexion could never contemplate not attending school in the faux hope of having a white authority. Do you see? The rumor is that after free school was made available around 1937 in the UK but 1941 officially, that education was just for poor people but this notion only hollowed out the majority of the community's understanding, education and facility in their natural surroundings and spheres of communal influence to see their right and entitlement to a basic income in the UK although the ubi was provided to Irish people all along dating back to 1920 as the evidence shows us. What say you? Any company like Chrysler or Toyota can automate their manufacturing. Any modern mobile cell phone these days can play back a basic income Ted Talk video. Any Joker knows that what does not kill will fatten or that if you are good at anything you should not do it for free and that the Joker would not have existed but for the absence of an incremental basic income since 1901 in North America; innit? Any country can implement the basic income policy and achieve, constant and consistent consumer buying power thereby automating the consumer's function as the constituent element of the market that absorbs the robotic-ally made goods that are not made with human labor. When you run out of Amerindians regardless of complexion, you see that the demand for ramen goes up and Lipton's cup a soup goes down since living people are consumers who make the demand for products. If you have no commitment toward your people then why should global capitalism let you build anything that you cannot buy anyway? You don't have any basic income. This automation of the consumer and his or her buying power is good for the entire market as the lack of money in all consumers as occasioned by robotic automation of many jobs affects everything; including real estate and office or apartment rental markets. If you owned all of the property in the world in an automated economy, how do you rent the properties and to whom? You will notice that the average and consistent tenant is hard to find but when you look into it, he is quite often likely to be a foreigner on basic income from his home economy which is usually an Asian country or possibly a European country and this is not good for North Americans who are being displaced economically in their own home environment. The foreigner may not have any high school education or maybe he does but he certainly has his basic income since if you were thinking about the utmost honor of a nation, it resides in its people who vote and participate and put up the banners for the great excitement called Americana that is not a racialised phenomenon. It is not racialised in Europe and do not think it. I wonder if you have noticed all of the happy people of all kinds of colours and complexions in....France and Belgium and Spain also? Did we look at Ireland? Toyota automated in the mid 60's to give us our monies worth. This continued as a project to approach an effective zero human labor in the process after observing the seppuku, deathly nature of waste in American automotive manufacturing. Chrysler closed in 1979 when Toyota pushed its automation, achieving a 70 percent zero human labor product. It's main government in Asia put in place the basic income and this inoculated its main Japanese economy from the effects of human attrition when jobs are no longer the avenue through which humans obtain the money that keeps consumer buying power stimulated. America has achieved a preference for, reliance on and access to automated manufacturing by relying on foreign ownership of manufacturing. Mexico has basic income in North America and they have 100 percent automation in car plant manufacturing and with other products. The other North American consumers are now, the non latino type that gets more attention in the media for their ways, is about to receive the direct protection from the attrition that automation causes to ensure sufficient consumer buying power within their pockets of the economy. Again, The Wizard is working for the perfect spirit of international capitalism that wants to facilitate the human being as a consumer; not as a worker. But, after Reuther said he did not really understand what to do with the car worker whose job was automated, international capitalism decided to follow the route of walking with a child and hoping that he would stand on his own while the final result if you did not put the basic income in would be evident as the coincidental seppuku of the American family and peoples little by little and day by day as towns and communities disappear. The Wizard does not want this and he could make the state's resolve the plight of the down sized worker since it is not the goal of the Wizard to see them suffer and it is not the responsibility essentially of a car company manager yet there is always a communal partnership going on as between business and government to allow business to operate without destroying the environment and in certainly being able to participate with human need in the community. Giving the North American market and the North American people the buffer and inoculation against the attrition of automation is all that basic income is about. Any politician vs. the Wizard of Oz involves the politician trying to enliven industries that have been retired in North America; retired in accordance with the Wizard's global wisdom that involves what was best decidedly for North America for the next three hundred years and this involved a basic income at about $60,000.00 at current estimates but it is a ubi/basic income that will increase incrementally. Talks of 40,000 to 50,000 jobs in new resource deals is great and maybe it will help but the solution is already earmarked and people are to work as well as receive that basic income. Minnesota again is an example of how the citizen receives $60,000.00 and then an additional sum for his work as a bus driver or school teacher upwards of an additional $20-30,000.00. The national or North American pride and American wherewithal you wish to see and feel is to grow within the decisions and parameters already earmarked and set down for the next 300 years and we will enjoy what emerges technologically and creatively in America. But, we cannot upset the 300 year global capitalist agreements. Who would be trying to circumnavigate what the country needs by trying to turn the next election into his 'sure win' popularity contest with more saggy old blondes and bathing suit innuendo that never did really happen and all she wants is for her people in the Ozark to have some basic income to honor their ancestors who are buried in ancestral burial grounds yet the grand daughter of someone who feels or looks like Mrs. Crabtree or June Cleaver is a porn star begging Donald to just feed thy sheep like Peter in the bible was told to feed them if he loved the Lord? The grand daughter just wants to raise children. Grow some children and maintain the ways. Can you say Amen? I think the Joker knows your culture very well and is highly educated but he may have been brought into an economics of desperation some how but would never tolerate his children not attending school or else how would you be able to lead the pack in the desperation? What truly white person does not want education since isn't this chestnut culture white? Maybe 'white' is not the real issue but you do notice that if it was about white, then you would not wish to be at the low end of the spectrum without education; right? No; this is about how some people regardless of complexion could never contemplate not attending school in the faux hope of having a white authority. Do you see? The rumor is that after free school was made available around 1937 in the UK but 1941 officially, that education was just for poor people but this notion only hollowed out the majority of the community's understanding, education and facility in their natural surroundings and spheres of communal influence to see their right and entitlement to a basic income in the UK although the ubi was provided to Irish people all along dating back to 1920 as the evidence shows us. What say you? Any company like Chrysler or Toyota can automate their manufacturing. Any modern mobile cell phone these days can play back a basic income Ted Talk video. Any Joker knows that what does not kill will fatten or that if you are good at anything you should not do it for free and that the Joker would not have existed but for the absence of an incremental basic income since 1901 in North America; innit? Any country can implement the basic income policy and achieve, constant and consistent consumer buying power thereby automating the consumer's in his function as the market that absorbs the robotic-ally made goods that are not made with human labor. This automation of the consumer and his or her buying power is good for the entire market as the lack of money in all consumers as occasioned by robotic automation of many jobs affects everything; including real estate and office or apartment rental markets. If you owned all of the property in the world in an automated economy, how do you rent the properties and to whom? You will notice that the average and consistent tenant is hard to find but when you look into it, he is quite often likely to be a foreigner on basic income from his home economy which is usually an Asian country or possibly a European country and this is not good for North Americans who are being displaced economically in their own home environment. The foreigner may not have any high school education or maybe he does but he certainly has his basic income since if you were thinking about the utmost honor of a nation, it resides in its people who vote and participate and put up the banners for the great excitement called Americana that is not a racialised phenomenon. It is not racialised in Europe and do not think it is. I wonder if you have noticed all of the happy people of all kinds of colours and complexions in....France and Belgium and Spain also? Did we look at Ireland? Toyota automated in the mid 60's to give us our monies worth. This continued as a project to approach an effective zero human labor in the process after observing the seppuku, deathly nature of waste in American automotive manufacturing. Chrysler closed in 1979 when Toyota pushed its automation, achieving a 70 percent zero human labor product. It's main government in Asia put in place the basic income and this inoculated its main Japanese economy from the effects of human attrition when jobs are no longer the avenue through which humans obtain the money that keeps consumer buying power stimulated. America has achieved a preference for, reliance on and access to automated manufacturing by relying on foreign ownership of manufacturing. Mexico has basic income in North America and they have 100 percent automation in car plant manufacturing and with other products. The other North American consumers are now, the non latino type that gets more attention in the media for their ways, is about to receive the direct protection from the attrition that automation causes to ensure sufficient consumer buying power within their pockets of the economy. By Warren A. Lyon, Editor at Men's Magazine(TM).
The perfect spirit of international capitalism is asking you to learn by example and the evidence is in your hands as to the issue here. The issue is 'people' and you need to make 'people' your final and most important monument and consideration in every decision while you can be heard as saying you don't understand. Now, what man or woman in the Ozark is not part Irish, Dutch, Polish, German, Italian, Scottish or French in addition to being Native or Amerindian as we do say? The Wizard is working for the perfect spirit of international capitalism but after Reuther said he did not really understand what to do with the car worker whose job was automated, international capitalism decided to follow the route of walking with a child and hoping that he would stand on his own while the final result if you did not put the basic income in would be evident as the coincidental sepuku of the American family and peoples little by little and day by day as towns and communities disappear. The Wizard does not want this and he could make the state's resolve the plight of the down sized worker since it is not the goal of the Wizard to see them suffer and it is not the responsibility essentially of a car company manager yet there is always a communal partnership going on as between business and government to allow business to operate without destroying the environment and in certainly being able to participate with human need in the community. Giving the North American market and the North American people the buffer and inoculation against the attrition of automation is all that basic income is about. Any politician vs. the Wizard of Oz involves the politician trying to enliven industries that have been retired in North America; retired in accordance with the Wizard's global wisdom that involves what was best decidedly for North America for the next three hundred years and this involved a basic income at about $60,000.00 at current estimates but it is a ubi/basic income that will increase incrementally. Talks of 40,000 to 50,000 jobs in new resource deals is great and maybe it will help but the solution is already earmarked and people are to work as well as receive that basic income. Minnesota again is an example of how the citizen receives $60,000.00 and then an additional sum for his work as a bus driver or school teacher upwards of an additional $20-30,000.00. The national or North American pride and American wherewithal you wish to see and feel is to grow within the decisions and parameters already earmarked and set down for the next 300 years and we will enjoy what emerges technologically and creatively in America. But, we cannot upset the 300 year global capitalist agreements. Who would be trying to circumnavigate what the country needs by trying to turn the next election into his 'sure win' popularity contest with more saggy old blondes and bathing suit innuendo that never did really happen and all she wants is for her people in the Ozark to have some basic income to honor their ancestors who are buried in ancestral burial grounds yet the grand daughter of someone who feels or looks like Mrs. Crabtree or June Cleaver is a porn star begging Donald to just feed thy sheep like Peter in the bible was told to feed them if he loved the Lord? The grand daughter just wants to raise children. Grow some children and maintain the ways. Can you say Amen? I think the Joker knows your culture very well and is highly educated but he may have been brought into an economics of desperation some how but would never tolerate his children not attending school or else how would you be able to lead the pack in the desperation? What truly white person does not want education since isn't this chestnut culture white? Maybe 'white' is not the real issue but you do notice that if it was about white, then you would not wish to be at the low end of the spectrum without education; right? No; this is about how some people regardless of complexion could never contemplate not attending school in the faux hope of having a white authority. Do you see? The rumor is that after free school was made available around 1937 in the UK but 1941 officially, that education was just for poor people but this notion only hollowed out the majority of the community's understanding, education and facility in their natural surroundings and spheres of communal influence to see their right and entitlement to a basic income in the UK although the ubi was provided to Irish people all along dating back to 1920 as the evidence shows us. What say you? Any company like Chrysler or Toyota can automate their manufacturing. Any modern mobile cell phone these days can play back a basic income Ted Talk video. Any Joker knows that what does not kill will fatten or that if you are good at anything you should not do it for free and that the Joker would not have existed but for the absence of an incremental basic income since 1901 in North America; innit? Any country can implement the basic income policy and achieve, constant and consistent consumer buying power thereby automating the consumer's function as the constituent element of the market that absorbs the robotic-ally made goods that are not made with human labor. When you run out of Amerindians regardless of complexion, you see that the demand for ramen goes up and Lipton's cup a soup goes down since living people are consumers who make the demand for products. If you have no commitment toward your people then why should global capitalism let you build anything that you cannot buy anyway? You don't have any basic income. This automation of the consumer and his or her buying power is good for the entire market as the lack of money in all consumers as occasioned by robotic automation of many jobs affects everything; including real estate and office or apartment rental markets. If you owned all of the property in the world in an automated economy, how do you rent the properties and to whom? You will notice that the average and consistent tenant is hard to find but when you look into it, he is quite often likely to be a foreigner on basic income from his home economy which is usually an Asian country or possibly a European country and this is not good for North Americans who are being displaced economically in their own home environment. The foreigner may not have any high school education or maybe he does but he certainly has his basic income since if you were thinking about the utmost honor of a nation, it resides in its people who vote and participate and put up the banners for the great excitement called Americana that is not a racialised phenomenon. It is not racialised in Europe and do not think it. I wonder if you have noticed all of the happy people of all kinds of colours and complexions in....France and Belgium and Spain also? Did we look at Ireland? Toyota automated in the mid 60's to give us our monies worth. This continued as a project to approach an effective zero human labor in the process after observing the seppuku, deathly nature of waste in American automotive manufacturing. Chrysler closed in 1979 when Toyota pushed its automation, achieving a 70 percent zero human labor product. It's main government in Asia put in place the basic income and this inoculated its main Japanese economy from the effects of human attrition when jobs are no longer the avenue through which humans obtain the money that keeps consumer buying power stimulated. America has achieved a preference for, reliance on and access to automated manufacturing by relying on foreign ownership of manufacturing. Mexico has basic income in North America and they have 100 percent automation in car plant manufacturing and with other products. The other North American consumers are now, the non latino type that gets more attention in the media for their ways, is about to receive the direct protection from the attrition that automation causes to ensure sufficient consumer buying power within their pockets of the economy.
By Warren A. Lyon, Editor at Men's Magazine(TM).
Again, The Wizard is working for the perfect spirit of international capitalism that wants to facilitate the human being as a consumer; not as a worker. But, after Reuther said he did not really understand what to do with the car worker whose job was automated, international capitalism decided to follow the route of walking with a child and hoping that he would stand on his own while the final result if you did not put the basic income in would be evident as the coincidental seppuku of the American family and peoples little by little and day by day as towns and communities disappear. The Wizard does not want this and he could make the state's resolve the plight of the down sized worker since it is not the goal of the Wizard to see them suffer and it is not the responsibility essentially of a car company manager yet there is always a communal partnership going on as between business and government to allow business to operate without destroying the environment and in certainly being able to participate with human need in the community. Giving the North American market and the North American people the buffer and inoculation against the attrition of automation is all that basic income is about. Any politician vs. the Wizard of Oz involves the politician trying to enliven industries that have been retired in North America; retired in accordance with the Wizard's global wisdom that involves what was best decidedly for North America for the next three hundred years and this involved a basic income at about $60,000.00 at current estimates but it is a ubi/basic income that will increase incrementally. Talks of 40,000 to 50,000 jobs in new resource deals is great and maybe it will help but the solution is already earmarked and people are to work as well as receive that basic income. Minnesota again is an example of how the citizen receives $60,000.00 and then an additional sum for his work as a bus driver or school teacher upwards of an additional $20-30,000.00. The national or North American pride and American wherewithal you wish to see and feel is to grow within the decisions and parameters already earmarked and set down for the next 300 years and we will enjoy what emerges technologically and creatively in America. But, we cannot upset the 300 year global capitalist agreements. Who would be trying to circumnavigate what the country needs by trying to turn the next election into his 'sure win' popularity contest with more saggy old blondes and bathing suit innuendo that never did really happen and all she wants is for her people in the Ozark to have some basic income to honor their ancestors who are buried in ancestral burial grounds yet the grand daughter of someone who feels or looks like Mrs. Crabtree or June Cleaver is a porn star begging Donald to just feed thy sheep like Peter in the bible was told to feed them if he loved the Lord? The grand daughter just wants to raise children. Grow some children and maintain the ways. Can you say Amen? I think the Joker knows your culture very well and is highly educated but he may have been brought into an economics of desperation some how but would never tolerate his children not attending school or else how would you be able to lead the pack in the desperation? What truly white person does not want education since isn't this chestnut culture white? Maybe 'white' is not the real issue but you do notice that if it was about white, then you would not wish to be at the low end of the spectrum without education; right? No; this is about how some people regardless of complexion could never contemplate not attending school in the faux hope of having a white authority. Do you see? The rumor is that after free school was made available around 1937 in the UK but 1941 officially, that education was just for poor people but this notion only hollowed out the majority of the community's understanding, education and facility in their natural surroundings and spheres of communal influence to see their right and entitlement to a basic income in the UK although the ubi was provided to Irish people all along dating back to 1920 as the evidence shows us. What say you? Any company like Chrysler or Toyota can automate their manufacturing. Any modern mobile cell phone these days can play back a basic income Ted Talk video. Any Joker knows that what does not kill will fatten or that if you are good at anything you should not do it for free and that the Joker would not have existed but for the absence of an incremental basic income since 1901 in North America; innit? Any country can implement the basic income policy and achieve, constant and consistent consumer buying power thereby automating the consumer's in his function as the market that absorbs the robotic-ally made goods that are not made with human labor. This automation of the consumer and his or her buying power is good for the entire market as the lack of money in all consumers as occasioned by robotic automation of many jobs affects everything; including real estate and office or apartment rental markets. If you owned all of the property in the world in an automated economy, how do you rent the properties and to whom? You will notice that the average and consistent tenant is hard to find but when you look into it, he is quite often likely to be a foreigner on basic income from his home economy which is usually an Asian country or possibly a European country and this is not good for North Americans who are being displaced economically in their own home environment. The foreigner may not have any high school education or maybe he does but he certainly has his basic income since if you were thinking about the utmost honor of a nation, it resides in its people who vote and participate and put up the banners for the great excitement called Americana that is not a racialised phenomenon. It is not racialised in Europe and do not think it is. I wonder if you have noticed all of the happy people of all kinds of colours and complexions in....France and Belgium and Spain also? Did we look at Ireland? Toyota automated in the mid 60's to give us our monies worth. This continued as a project to approach an effective zero human labor in the process after observing the seppuku, deathly nature of waste in American automotive manufacturing. Chrysler closed in 1979 when Toyota pushed its automation, achieving a 70 percent zero human labor product. It's main government in Asia put in place the basic income and this inoculated its main Japanese economy from the effects of human attrition when jobs are no longer the avenue through which humans obtain the money that keeps consumer buying power stimulated. America has achieved a preference for, reliance on and access to automated manufacturing by relying on foreign ownership of manufacturing. Mexico has basic income in North America and they have 100 percent automation in car plant manufacturing and with other products. The other North American consumers are now, the non latino type that gets more attention in the media for their ways, is about to receive the direct protection from the attrition that automation causes to ensure sufficient consumer buying power within their pockets of the economy.
By Warren A. Lyon, Editor at Men's Magazine(TM).
Tuesday, 5 June 2018
Friday, 25 May 2018
Orgo, meca, monkey. The monkeys have no loyalty to anyone or anything and only want attention and affection. They cannot really form families or family ties since they have no sense of personal boundaries but they want power. Animals who have been fed and who have lived with humans show more loyalty to human beings and also care for them. Humanzee. The first humanzee was White. They can be any complexion. White, Black or Yellow is not really terminology that is accepted any longer. Recognising these people has saved mankind from racism. It is the humanzee who claims to break laws in the name of aggression vs. makind that needs the quiet of law and order.
Humanzee. The first humanzee was White. They can be any complexion. White, Black or Yellow is not really terminology that is accepted any longer. Recognising these people has saved mankind from racism. It is the humanzee who claims to break laws in the name of aggression vs. makind that needs the quiet of law and order.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Humanzee | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Superfamily: | Hominoidea |
| Family: | Hominidae |
| Subfamily: | Homininae |
| Tribe: | Hominini |
| Subtribe: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | Homo sapiens × Pan troglodytes or Pan paniscus |
| Binomial name | |
| None | |
The portmanteau word humanzee for a human–chimpanzee hybrid appears to have entered usage in the 1980s.[1]
Contents
Feasibility
The possibility of human–ape hybrids has been entertained since at least the medieval period; Peter Damian (11th century) claimed to have been shown the monstrous offspring of a human woman who had mated with an ape.[2] Linnaeus (1758) used Homo troglodytes as the taxonomical name for a hypothetical human and orangutan hybrid.[3]Chimpanzees and humans are closely related (sharing 95% of their DNA sequence and 99% of coding DNA sequences[4]), leading to contested speculation that a hybrid is possible.
Humans have one pair fewer chromosomes than other apes, with ape chromosomes 2 and 4 fusing into a large chromosome (which contains remnants of the centromere and telomeres of the ancestral 2 and 4).[5] Having different numbers of chromosomes is not an absolute barrier to hybridization; similar mismatches are relatively common in existing species, a phenomenon known as chromosomal polymorphism.
All great apes have similar genetic structure. Chromosomes 6, 13, 19, 21, 22, and X are structurally the same in all great apes. Chromosomes 3, 11, 14, 15, 18, and 20 match between gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. Chimps and humans match on 1, 2p, 2q, 5, 7–10, 12, 16, and Y as well. Some older references include Y as a match between gorillas, chimps, and humans, but chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans have recently been found to share a large transposition from chromosome 1 to Y not found in other apes.[6]
This degree of chromosomal similarity is roughly equivalent to that found in equines. Interfertility of horses and donkeys is common, although sterility of the offspring (mules) is nearly universal (with only around 60 exceptions recorded in equine history[7]). Similar complexities and prevalent sterility pertain to horse–zebra hybrids, or zorses, whose chromosomal disparity is very wide, with horses typically having 32 chromosome pairs and zebras between 16 and 23 depending on species. In a direct parallel to the chimp–human case, the Przewalski's Horse (Equus przewalskii) with 33 chromosome pairs, and the domestic horse (E. caballus) with 32 pairs, have been found to be interfertile, and produce semi-fertile offspring: male hybrids can breed with female domestic horses.[8]
In 1977, researcher J. Michael Bedford[9] discovered that human sperm could penetrate the protective outer membranes of a gibbon egg. Bedford's paper also stated that human spermatozoa would not even attach to the zona surface of non-hominoid primates (baboon, rhesus monkey, and squirrel monkey), concluding that although the specificity of human spermatozoa is not confined to man alone, it is probably restricted to the Hominoidea.
There has been a case of a female ape being kept for sexual slavery by humans, yet no records to date of any pregnancies resulting.[10]
Reports on attempted or successful hybridization
There have been no scientifically verified specimens of a human–chimp hybrid, but there have been substantiated reports of unsuccessful attempts at human/chimpanzee hybridization in the Soviet Union in the 1920s, and various unsubstantiated reports on similar attempts during the second half of the 20th century.Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov was the first person to attempt to create a human–chimp hybrid by artificial insemination.[11] Ivanov outlined his idea as early as 1910 in a presentation to the World Congress of Zoologists in Graz.[citation needed] In the 1920s, Ivanov carried out a series of experiments, working with human sperm and female chimpanzees, but he failed to achieve a pregnancy. In 1929 he organized a set of experiments involving nonhuman ape sperm and human volunteers, but was delayed by the death of his last orangutan. The next year he fell under political criticism from the Soviet government and was sentenced to exile in the Kazakh SSR; he worked there at the Kazakh Veterinary-Zootechnical Institute and died of a stroke two years later.[12]
In the 1970s, a performing chimp named Oliver was popularized as a possible "mutant" or even a human–chimpanzee hybrid.[13] An examination of Oliver's chromosomes at the University of Chicago in 1996 revealed that Oliver had forty-eight—not forty-seven—chromosomes, thus disproving an earlier claim that he did not have a normal chromosome count for a chimpanzee.[14] Oliver's cranial morphology, ear shape, freckles, and baldness fall within the range of variability exhibited by the common chimpanzee.[15] Scientists performed further studies with Oliver, the results of which were published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.[16]
In the 1980s, there were reports on an experiment in human–chimpanzee crossbreeding conducted in the People's Republic of China in 1967, and on the planned resumption of such experiments. In 1981, Ji Yongxiang, head of a hospital in Shengyang, was reported as claiming to have been part of a 1967 experiment in Shengyang in which a chimpanzee female had been impregnated with human sperm. According to this account, the experiment came to nothing because it was cut short by the Cultural Revolution, with the responsible scientists sent off to farm labour and the pregnant chimpanzee dying from neglect. According to Timothy McNulty of Chicago Tribune, the report was based on an article in the Wenhui Bao paper of Shanghai. Li Guong of the genetics research bureau at the Chinese Academy of Sciences was cited as confirming both the existence of the experiment prior to the Cultural Revolution and the plans to resume testing.[17]
Evidence for early hominin hybridization
Main articles: Hominini and Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
Further information: Archaic human admixture with modern humans
There is evidence for a complex speciation process for the Pan–Homo split. This concerns times pre-dating the emergence of Homo and would concern hybridization between Pan and Ardipithecus or Orrorin, not Homo.
Different chromosomes appear to have split at different times,
suggesting that large-scale hybridization may have taken place over a
period of as much as four million years leading up to the two emerging
("human" and "chimp") lineages as late as six million years ago.[18] The similarity of the X chromosome
in humans and chimpanzees might suggest hybridization taking place as
late as four million years ago. This latter conclusion should be
regarded as uncertain, with alternative proposals available to explain
the apparent short divergence time in the X chromosome.[19]In fiction
- Corinne de Vailly Normand Lester, Les orchidées de Staline (2017), ISBN 978-2374532325.[20]
- Susan Gates, Humanzee (1998), ISBN 978-0192717962.
- Michael Crichton, Next (2006), ISBN 978-0060873165.
- Laurence Gonzales, Lucy, (2010), ISBN 978-0307473905.[21]
See also
Saturday, 5 May 2018
Monday, 30 April 2018
These are the droids you are looking for; not the Humanzee.
by Thomas Hobbes INTRODUCTION NATURE (the art whereby God hath made and governs the world) is by the art of man, as in many other things, so in this also imitated, that it can make an artificial animal. For seeing life is but a motion of limbs, the beginning whereof is in some principal part within, why may we not say that all automata (engines that move themselves by springs and wheels as doth a watch) have an artificial life? For what is the heart, but a spring; and the nerves, but so many strings; and the joints, but so many wheels, giving motion to the whole body, such as was intended by the Artificer? Art goes yet further, imitating that rational and most excellent work of Nature, man. For by art is created that great LEVIATHAN called a COMMONWEALTH, or STATE (in Latin, CIVITAS), which is but an artificial man, though of greater stature and strength than the natural, for whose protection and defence it was intended; and in which the sovereignty is an artificial soul, as giving life and motion to the whole body; the magistrates and other officers of judicature and execution, artificial joints; reward and punishment (by which fastened to the seat of the sovereignty, every joint and member is moved to perform his duty) are the nerves, that do the same in the body natural; the wealth and riches of all the particular members are the strength; salus populi (the people's safety) its business; counsellors, by whom all things needful for it to know are suggested unto it, are the memory; equity and laws, an artificial reason and will; concord, health; sedition, sickness; and civil war, death. Lastly, the pacts and covenants, by which the parts of this body politic were at first made, set together, and united, resemble that fiat, or the Let us make man, pronounced
Friday, 27 April 2018
Thursday, 26 April 2018
Some Jews in the concentration camps were fed full breakfasts every day. They were the Jews who did not leave Poland when warned. They were first and second generation immigrants who decided to hold on to what they have in the belief that the war was not going to be very long or that it would not affect them; West Indian immigrants according to some diaries whose mothers and fathers came to Europe after WW1. They were about 5'6" to 5'10" tall; some men and some women. They breakfasts were full English breakfasts but with polish meat. They were asked to help choose who should be removed from the camp; that is exterminated. They chose those with the smallest wrists for extermination. Those with the largest feet, penises, the biggest breasts and who were at least 5'4" tall were allowed to live. It is in the diaries of many survivors. At the end of the war, they were sent to Israel and became a part of the fledgling military and the growing new state as of 1948. A prophecy was fulfilled concerning the state of Israel.
Some Jews in the concentration camps were fed full breakfasts every
day. They were the Jews who did not leave Poland when warned. They were first and second generation immigrants who decided to hold on to what they have in the belief that the war was not going to be very long or that it would not affect them; West Indian immigrants according to some diaries whose mothers and fathers came to Europe after WW1. They were about 5'6" to 5'10" tall; some men and some women. They
breakfasts were full English breakfasts but with polish meat. They were
asked to help choose who should be removed from the camp; that is
exterminated. They chose those with the smallest wrists for
extermination. Those with the largest feet, penises, the biggest
breasts and who were at least 5'4" tall were allowed to live. It is in
the diaries of many survivors. At the end of the war, they were sent to
Israel and became a part of the fledgling military and the growing new
state as of 1948. A prophecy was fulfilled concerning the state of
Israel.
Sunday, 15 April 2018
Saturday, 3 March 2018
Sunday, 25 February 2018
Saturday, 24 February 2018
Sunday, 28 January 2018
Saturday, 2 December 2017
Sunday, 12 November 2017
Saturday, 4 November 2017
Sunday, 22 October 2017
Wednesday, 18 October 2017
Tuesday, 17 October 2017
Londinium(TM) by Warren A. Lyon.
---------- message ----------
From: Londinium Media Lyon
Date: Mon, Oct 16, 2017 at 10:06 PM
Subject: Hello Sticker order!
To: SD Print Torontoconstabulary@sdprint.ca
This also confirms by virtue of receipt of this email that you acknowledge the ownership of the Londinium trademark by Warren A. Lyon as owned by him personally and his corporate entities. This also confirms that SD PRINT(SD Print.CA) and your role is that of a supplier only and that you have no interest or benefit in either the Londinium(TM) trademark or any ownership.
Warren A. Lyon, Director and Owner.
_______________
Londinium Gear.
Sunday, 8 October 2017
Tuesday, 5 September 2017
Thursday, 24 August 2017
Saturday, 19 August 2017
Click here for more. Donoghue v. Culligan ( 2006) Supreme Court of Canada... In one judgement by Lord Diplock, He acknowledged the power of intention in action. Lord Diplock said: '[N]o distinction is to be drawn in English law between the state of mind ofone who does an act because he desires it to produce a particular evil consequence, and the state of mind of one who does the act knowing full well that it is likely to produce that consequence although it may not be the object he was seeking to achieve by doing the act. Regina v Hyam [1975] AC 55." He further stated In Lemon that is; 'It is by now well-settled law that both states of mind constitute "intention" in the sense in which that expression is used in the definition of a crime whether at common law or in a statute. Any doubts on this matter were finally laid to rest by the decision of this House in Regina v Hyam [1975] AC 55." This human intention is the subject of the entire law. Various changes to english society as well as the socio-legal environment due to the phenomenon of reverse-colonialism and the pre-existing multi-cultural milieu as a result. It is the celebration of tradition in the application of English culture in maintaining and applying the good law at all costs. It was a positive observation by Lord Diplock in terms of growth and the benefit of good law for all subjects and citizens, regardless of race in the power of the Brit Milah. It is an equation; a worship that brings an atmosphere. The entire society and every street, tunnel, park and road is the Lord's House. It feels like Eden. It is to feel like Eden. Mechanized labor and automation helps to make it go swimmingly. But, you must give what is saved in automation and in loss prevention to the people that they will enjoy the Lord's House and you will see buoyancy.
Donoghue v. Culligan ( 2006) Supreme Court of Canada...
The case of Mustapha v Culligan (Mustapha v. Culligan of Canada Ltd., [2008] 2 S.C.R. 114, 2008 SCC 27)
is an excellent encapsulation of tort law and tort principles in the Canadian legal context.
The story in the Mustapha case is not unlike the founding and seminal tort case Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932]UKHL 100. How have we progressed since then, if at all, and have there been notable changes in the law? The plaintiff in Donoghue had a successful result when she sued a ginger beer bottling company owned by a certain Mr. Stevenson for damages after it was discovered that the bottle of ginger beer she purchased contained a half-decomposed snail. Upon pouring the contents of the bottle into the glass, the snail came out and slowly floated to the bottom of the glass. Upon recognizing the unwelcome contents of her drink, she suffered a shock reaction and sued not only for the price of the bottle of ginger beer but for damages in compensation for the harm she suffered. It was established that the manufacturer owed her a duty of care, there was a breach of that duty, Mrs. Donoghue suffered harm as a result of that breach and, in keeping with modern legal parlance, there were no policy reasons to deny the claim so that she was granted an award of damages ( Anns v Merton, Anns-Cooper Test (Canada)).
Lord Atkin's speech from Donoghue v. Stevenson is quite helpful in understanding the very basis of tort and why the underlying principles of tort law are so profound and immutable: Lord Atkin said:
There must be, and is, some general conception of relations giving rise to a duty of care, of which the particular cases found in the books are but instances. ...The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law you must not injure your neighbour; and the lawyer's question: Who is my neighbour? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be - persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question . . . a manufacturer of products, which he sells in such a form as to show that he intends them to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him with no reasonable possibility of intermediate examination, and with knowledge that the absence of reasonable care in the preparation or putting up of products will result in an injury to the consumer's life or property, owes a duty to the consumer to take that reasonable care.
"A man has a Duty of Care to conduct himself in such a way as to avoid harm to others, where a reasonable man would have seen that such harm could occur". These principles are also found ironically in the teaching of Confucius and the Laozi. Is this not universal law?
Lords Thankerton and MacMillan supported Lord Atkin's opinion.
Mrs. Donoghue was a middle-aged woman of middle-class background in an era where multi-culturalism was not even heard of as a concept. But, following Lord Atkin's reasoning and the facts of Donoghue v. Stevenson, it seems that whether Mrs. Donoghue was a middle-aged white woman or a middle-aged Muslim man who made the claim following their shock reaction to the presence of a foreign animalian or insect-like object in the drink or bottle of water, the House of Lords would have ruled in accordance with the principles enshrined in Lord Atkin's speech and the various concurring judgments of the Law Lords. The world has not changed that much and clearly legal principles are colour blind. This is the grace of an enlightened society that has Judges and a court system which recognizes that legal principles are timeless and that seek to uphold an air of magnanimity while the diversity of humanity is subsumed by the generosity of the notion that God and his court is a court of equity. Only the poverty of our depraved humanity would lead us to judge the nervous stress reaction of a white middle-aged woman as being normal while the nervous reaction of a middle-aged Muslim man is judged or accepted by the court as being abnormal or predicated on a propensity to be unusually clean especially when there is little to distinguish the stimuli in either case. This would never happen in any enlightened generation whether the year is 1932 or the present era ( circa) 2006. Would it ( see the Product Liability and Consumer Protection Acts) ?
In one judgement by Lord Diplock, He acknowledged the power of intention in action. Lord Diplock said:
'[N]o distinction is to be drawn in English law between the state of mind ofone who does an act because he desires it to produce a particular evil consequence, and the state of mind of one who does the act knowing full well that it is likely to produce that consequence although it may not be the object he was seeking to achieve by doing the act. Regina v Hyam [1975] AC 55."
He further stated In Lemon that is;
'It is by now well-settled law that both states of mind constitute "intention" in the sense in which that expression is used in the definition of a crime whether at common law or in a statute. Any doubts on this matter were finally laid to rest by the decision of this House in Regina v Hyam [1975] AC 55."
This human intention is the subject of the entire law. Various changes to english society as well as the socio-legal environment due to the phenomenon of reverse-colonialism and the pre-existing multi-cultural milieu as a result. It is the celebration of tradition in the application of English culture in maintaining and applying the good law at all costs. It was a positive observation by Lord Diplock in terms of growth and the benefit of good law for all subjects and citizens, regardless of race in the power of the Brit Milah. It is an equation; a worship that brings an atmosphere. The entire society and every street, tunnel, park and road is the Lord's House. It feels like Eden. It is to feel like Eden. Mechanized labor and automation helps to make it go swimmingly. But, you must give what is saved in automation and in loss prevention to the people that they will enjoy the Lord's House and you will see buoyancy. Scarman also commented on this opportunity with similar observations. Reverse-colonialism is probably not the most apt phrase to describe the reality and impact of globalization on Western-Judeo Christian democracies. It could be described as an obvious, symbiotic and established movement and migration of peoples and goods. English culture is the ecumenical and equitable celebration of the differences in humanness with good law celebrating and protecting such differences, aspiring to the Heavens with freedom for all. England has former crown colonies of great consequence and impact since the 1600's with sons and daughters representing a unique hybridization of global culture in every corner of the earth and certainly in Britain. You can now buy top designer brands these days in abundance from three seasons ago as well as current offerings. these brands celebrate values and traditions with unique expressions. The unique hybridization, though, is sometimes the cornerstone of a confused cultural confidence which masks an ancestral insecurity which sits with many speaking of a hybridized identity called “genetic buffet” or Out of many people apparently. ”Genetic buffet” apparently means that you are really sure who you are or where your family comes from so you are “genetic buffet” or Out of many people with some physical features that indicate your genetic hybridization. It is celebrated in many hedonistic ways and the celebration is indicative,, of the mental slavery that some island nation's founding musical fathers wrote and sung about. It is almost an illness(the celebration) and at times boarders on self hatred or at least competitive communal devaluation and striving; “genetic buffet” or Out of many people or something like that. The mottoes vary. But, you do show thankfulness for what is yours and you do not covet. Social and family acceptance, however, might be based on the extent of your “genetic buffet” or Out of many people. It should be celebrated but it should not involve mutual abuse or devaluation that comes in many forms and may include your friend's bad foot saliva that he offers you or his neighbor in a glass of juice so that he leaves your home feeling higher than you in your pitiful egotistical crab-like imagination; disgusting. You tell your kids that it takes a village to raise a child and that they should study hard but then you say you hate your own after they graduate and attempt to enjoy their studies so why did you buy them any books? Things have not been as they were since 1962 so why look back to how it was instead of celebrating how it is and will be with the fastest mango producers etc.. in the world? You have value on your own. You could feel Puerto Rican any day of the week when you see you have value on your own and a sun for your country to orbit. It's crazy; the anger, covetousness and hatred toward one another. With a great deal of private prayer effort related to the highest rates of child sex and physical abuse per capita (see the sociological reports and CIA Fact Books) and public efforts at proffering real and obvious healing and real perfection in good intention toward family generational unity and preservation to alleviate the same; let us not forget the tribalism in political conflict between one party and another party but there is only one purse provided by the IMF in many of these former colonies; now countries. See the CIA fact books with respect to Trafficking in persons. It has probably a lot to do with national unity and not trying to beat anyone up in your country, city or family to build up your ego. That is civil war. If you do, it makes rooting for the national team during soccer or hockey matches quite hypocritical. Only cannibals do that; right? But how could this be? School ties are the beginning of unity and deliverance; not conflict or division since every school sings the national anthem. They should probably just remove the negative soul in the living experience no matter how angry Rosa Parks and her friends may get if you are happy and thankful for their efforts while the younger ones hammer her vehicle so she doesn't feel too authoritative ( but shouldn't people be happy as they hold an I-product and read their cooking, medical or sports therapy school grades as they can sit in the middle of the bus and dream of some day enjoying the front one day but only if no one needs the stroller space?) or plant a cross(ending all reliance on spiritual confusion by which one is mentally and spiritually enslaved); not argot. Who are these people who are afraid of someone having more social authority for a bottle of cologne bought on sale at Boots or Walgreens for $19.99? A statue of Christ in the harbor is an excellent sign of the real soul of this family oriented island.Some nations have the highest number of churches per capita in their regions with great benefit. White Jamaican Families(regardless of their light or midnight complexion) help their children, cousins and children's children since all the family that survives you is a great testimony of your special status as a White Jamaican. They work together will all Jamaicans to ensure there is no injustice in this world and that people are provided recompense if there is. It is humane redemption and nobody needs to be white or white Jamaican to play music or to be creative. Go to an art gallery or to any music or athletic hall of fame. You will find all kinds and colors of Jamaicans there. Helping other Jamaicans suffering injustice, your own family, your adopted and raised children or otherwise is the quintessential definition of being a white Jamaican; to help your family and this includes the children raised in your home with corn flakes, skates and soccer shoes. Cross-generational abuse is anathema to one's honor. If you suffered mistreatment, you ask for the strength to forgive so that you will not pass the mistreatment on unwittingly or subconsciously to another generation. Slavery did not end when the Cimaroons revolted and ran to the United States to be with George Washington and Alexander Hamilton who understood tyranny. It ended when the French, English or the U.S abolished it in their respective jurisdictions. The French were first. So, let us move on then. These experiences as some have recounted them on occasion are an aberration of the truth that certainly involves different groups and cultures living and working together for the greater good; some purely Indian, Chinese, European, Afro Latino, Afro Brazilian or African, many partly native or racially mixed. The majority of these islands and countries are mixed race with most people carrying four different quarters of genes. Any couple could give birth to a child with varying features within a particular Island's gene pool. It is still your child as you remember that grey-eyed or brown -eyed relative from two generations ago. No one has black eyes. In the end, everyone knows their ancestry in one sense or the other and chooses peace. As the popular motto says, Out of many people and cultures, there is now just one. This is not unlike other countries in the Americas including the U.S. But, clearly the family frying fish and chips at the local chippy these days is likely to be of Mediterranean, Arabic or Asian extract and descent. Who again is running the best “Perfect Fried Chicken” franchise in Islington on Black Stock Road? The branch in Battersea makes an excellent chicken sandwich. Never mind.
The truth is that as much as society and its complexion may change, our system of jurisprudence is founded on ancient, adynamic, unchanging principles which are older than Rome itself. If a Muslim can't come to Canada and get God's justice, then we should leave their poppy and oil fields alone. Our principles of Justice are timeless and by virtue of the oaths made by lawyers and Judges alike when they proceed, Justice is not fettered but lives and transmits the message that law is colour blind. It is colour blind. However, we are fallible and with every ethics course, we are reminded of our fallibility.
Sometimes, when we read judgments we may realise that we are not always colour blind with our apprehend-able biases appearing on the face of the judgment. Do we not apprehend them? We may need to create a course in fundamental justice. It is said in Latin Jurisprudentia est divinarum atque humanarum rerum notitia justi atque injusti scientia. The english translation of the preceding latin saying is as follows: Jurisprudence is knowledge of things sacred and human, a science of right and wrong. It is also said in Latin, Jus Naturale est Quod Apud Omnes Homines Eandem Habet Potentiam: that natural law has the same force among all people. It is also said in Latin, Justitia Firmatur Solium; that the throne is strengthened by justice. In Latin, it also says Justitia Nemini Neganda Est; that justice should be denied to no one. Last it says in Latin, Jus Respicit Aequitatem; that law is mindful of equity.
Certainly there are times when there are failures in judgment where some of these failures amount to bias or a lack of fairness in procedure. The judicial community works hard to avoid this. There are obviously those who do not believe that law or the legal process is colour blind and fear judicial bias based on race or other parameters. It is submitted that Mustapha v Culligan, playfully referred to as Donoghue v. Culligan provides an example when the ethno-centric realities of the case may have been ignored in the process of weighing and judging of the parties positions leading to ethnic biases in the assessment of the evidence, resulting in a harsh result such that it cannot be said justice was seen to be done between the parties. Ultimately, there was a particular result in judgment. But, what essentially is the failure in Donoghue v. Culligan? The failure is that the court has an inherent jurisdiction to ensure that the principles of equity, justice and fairness are upheld by the court. No legal system should fall victim to anything that is less than a vicar's or Cardinal's justice. This is for the dark ages when some body could ask you to recant of your beliefs at the threat of death or for countries where they stone you for teaching young girls how to read and write.
Clearly the scintilla of the Mustapha ( Donoghue v. Culligan) case fits squarely within every parameter of the seminal case Donoghue v. Stevenson. Only the final result in Mustapha ( Donoghue v. Culligan) on appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada is at odds with the principles of Donoghue v. Stevenson. But why?
Mr. Mustapha is a Muslim man reaching middle age with a wife and family living in a middle-class home setting. He buys bottled spring water on a regular basis which comes in large multi-litre jugs for a water cooler in his kitchen. One day, the water company named Culligan arrives at his home with a water cooler bottle that contains non-decomposed house flies floating inside the bottle. Mr. Mustapha installs the bottle in the water cooler but he does not see the flies right away. Shortly thereafter, he returns to the kitchen to see that his wife has fainted at the sight of the flies floating in the water cooler bottle. She has had an expected shock reaction akin to the reaction suffered by Mrs. Donoghue. Mr. Mustapha has his own stress reaction also akin to the reaction of Mrs. Donoghue. If Mr. Mustapha was a white grandmother from Manitoba, who would have questioned the normalcy of his reaction to the sight of un-decomposed flies floating in his water cooler bottle?
Following certain reasonable man tests, it was argued by the court that Mr. Mustapha's reaction was not to be expected within the range of normal reactions of the average Canadian man in his age group. But, his statement of claim is not a class-action suit where he has claimed on behalf of every Canadian man in his age group. What did Mr. Mustapha suffer? What did Mrs. Donoghue Suffer? A subjectively balanced objective test would be appropriate. It would be equitable where we would ask what would have been the reaction of the reasonably minded person with the same background as the claimant to the tortious wrong occasioned upon them by the manufacturer. The question is what did the litigant suffer? He, Mr. Mustapha, is the one who suffered the wrong. Why should he lose his claim for having a reaction within the calculable range of possible human reactions that fit within our God -given humanity? Quite possibly, quite likely on a balance of probabilities, it is 50% likely that half the men in Canada in Mr. Mustapha's age group would have had a shock reaction of some kind. The strength and severity of the reaction should only affect the quantum of damages. Any shock reaction suffered by the claimant, no matter how diminimus, should lead to an award of damages with Donoghue and Stevenson being the foundational judgment for Mr. Mustapha's award. Therefore, it can be easily said that, like Mustapha, a person of normal fortitude would have had a shock reaction to the sight of flies in the water cooler bottle. Arsenic should not be in my 'Hines" Ketchup nor in my child's "Gurber" baby food let alone flies in my spring water bottle.
The medical opinion is the true issue here. The psychologist who examined Mustapha said that Mustapha was unusually clean and that this propensity was a facet of his Muslim faith and upbringing. This propensity caused his severe stress reaction to the sight of flies in the water cooler bottle, the psychologist said. This raises severe ethno-cultural issues. Clearly the middle-aged woman from Manitoba would have had a similar stress reaction as that suffered by Mustapha. At least 50% of the reasonably minded middled aged white men in Canada regardless of religion would have had a similar stress reaction as that suffered by Mr. Mustapha. We are splicing hairs with a razor to argue that his reaction was less than normal. How should Mr. Mustapha have reacted to such a horrible sight of dead insects floating in his cooler bottle? A numb reaction of indifference would have been irrational. Would it not? Shock, no matter how slight, is certainly normal when one sees flies floating in his water cooler especially when the bottle came directly from the Water bottling plant. A slight shock reaction was enough to substantiate some award of damages in Mustapha's favor but to reduce his reaction with the argument that it was abnormal in a psychological assessment or in a legal objective test is inhumane and denies Mr. Mustapha of his humanity and the realities of ethnic difference in our humanity. Diversity, not homogeneity, is the reality of any society, pre and post-modern, and the just laws of every society will absorb this beautiful human truth. This is the legacy of Rome and the laws passed down by this progenitor of every Judeo-Christian Western democracy; that law is colour blind and is free from ethnic bias in its final and just result. Is this not the imprint that we find in the common law?
It is said that expert opinions usually carry biases of some kind; biases that favor the legal team who may have consulted with the expert to obtain the opinion or the independent biases of the alleged expert. Courts are aware of this phenomenon of bias in expert opinions (see the case Regina v. More [ 1963] Manitoba Court of Appeal-see also R. V Turpin, 1989 S.C.C.). As a result, Judges are entitled to seek their own expert opinions when bias can be apprehended in the opinion of the expert ( see rule 52.03 of the Ontario Rules of Civil Procedure-similar court rules are found in other common law jurisdictions). In the Mustapha case, justice in the final outcome may have been unfettered by such an independent expert being appointed by the court.
A Muslim is entitled to be just as clean as his Canadian white male or female neighbour. They have the same faith as Christians and Jews since Mohammed commanded them to be followers of the people of the book( people of the book- Jews and Christians;Muslims are sons of Ishmael who is a son of Abraham and God gave Abraham one message). His faith should not make him unusually clean when many male White Christians would have had a similar and rather reasonable stress reaction akin to that suffered by Mustapha. This is in the range of the reasonableness of their Muslim, Christian or atheistic humanity.
Blackstone once commented on how law would become more instrumental over time in its ability to shape and structure the movements of society. This phenomena was also commented on by Habermas as the Habermasian Iron cage. Law was also instrumental in Rome. However, no matter how instrumental law may become, we need justice. This justice must be maintained by the construction of the court that will allow for flexibility within the office of the judiciary so that justice will be done in every matter. This is the legacy of Donoghue v. Culligan.
By Warren Augustine Lyon, B.A.(Hons.), LL.B(Hons.)
Copyright: (Warren Augustine Lyon (November 16th, 2010))
Toronto, Canada
www.bukisa.com is under construction and the version of the essay appearing on that site was corrupted by sources unknown-please be advised.
The case of Mustapha v Culligan (Mustapha v. Culligan of Canada Ltd., [2008] 2 S.C.R. 114, 2008 SCC 27)
is an excellent encapsulation of tort law and tort principles in the Canadian legal context.
The story in the Mustapha case is not unlike the founding and seminal tort case Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932]UKHL 100. How have we progressed since then, if at all, and have there been notable changes in the law? The plaintiff in Donoghue had a successful result when she sued a ginger beer bottling company owned by a certain Mr. Stevenson for damages after it was discovered that the bottle of ginger beer she purchased contained a half-decomposed snail. Upon pouring the contents of the bottle into the glass, the snail came out and slowly floated to the bottom of the glass. Upon recognizing the unwelcome contents of her drink, she suffered a shock reaction and sued not only for the price of the bottle of ginger beer but for damages in compensation for the harm she suffered. It was established that the manufacturer owed her a duty of care, there was a breach of that duty, Mrs. Donoghue suffered harm as a result of that breach and, in keeping with modern legal parlance, there were no policy reasons to deny the claim so that she was granted an award of damages ( Anns v Merton, Anns-Cooper Test (Canada)).
Lord Atkin's speech from Donoghue v. Stevenson is quite helpful in understanding the very basis of tort and why the underlying principles of tort law are so profound and immutable: Lord Atkin said:
There must be, and is, some general conception of relations giving rise to a duty of care, of which the particular cases found in the books are but instances. ...The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law you must not injure your neighbour; and the lawyer's question: Who is my neighbour? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer seems to be - persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question . . . a manufacturer of products, which he sells in such a form as to show that he intends them to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him with no reasonable possibility of intermediate examination, and with knowledge that the absence of reasonable care in the preparation or putting up of products will result in an injury to the consumer's life or property, owes a duty to the consumer to take that reasonable care.
"A man has a Duty of Care to conduct himself in such a way as to avoid harm to others, where a reasonable man would have seen that such harm could occur". These principles are also found ironically in the teaching of Confucius and the Laozi. Is this not universal law?
Lords Thankerton and MacMillan supported Lord Atkin's opinion.
Mrs. Donoghue was a middle-aged woman of middle-class background in an era where multi-culturalism was not even heard of as a concept. But, following Lord Atkin's reasoning and the facts of Donoghue v. Stevenson, it seems that whether Mrs. Donoghue was a middle-aged white woman or a middle-aged Muslim man who made the claim following their shock reaction to the presence of a foreign animalian or insect-like object in the drink or bottle of water, the House of Lords would have ruled in accordance with the principles enshrined in Lord Atkin's speech and the various concurring judgments of the Law Lords. The world has not changed that much and clearly legal principles are colour blind. This is the grace of an enlightened society that has Judges and a court system which recognizes that legal principles are timeless and that seek to uphold an air of magnanimity while the diversity of humanity is subsumed by the generosity of the notion that God and his court is a court of equity. Only the poverty of our depraved humanity would lead us to judge the nervous stress reaction of a white middle-aged woman as being normal while the nervous reaction of a middle-aged Muslim man is judged or accepted by the court as being abnormal or predicated on a propensity to be unusually clean especially when there is little to distinguish the stimuli in either case. This would never happen in any enlightened generation whether the year is 1932 or the present era ( circa) 2006. Would it ( see the Product Liability and Consumer Protection Acts) ?
In one judgement by Lord Diplock, He acknowledged the power of intention in action. Lord Diplock said:
'[N]o distinction is to be drawn in English law between the state of mind ofone who does an act because he desires it to produce a particular evil consequence, and the state of mind of one who does the act knowing full well that it is likely to produce that consequence although it may not be the object he was seeking to achieve by doing the act. Regina v Hyam [1975] AC 55."
He further stated In Lemon that is;
'It is by now well-settled law that both states of mind constitute "intention" in the sense in which that expression is used in the definition of a crime whether at common law or in a statute. Any doubts on this matter were finally laid to rest by the decision of this House in Regina v Hyam [1975] AC 55."
This human intention is the subject of the entire law. Various changes to english society as well as the socio-legal environment due to the phenomenon of reverse-colonialism and the pre-existing multi-cultural milieu as a result. It is the celebration of tradition in the application of English culture in maintaining and applying the good law at all costs. It was a positive observation by Lord Diplock in terms of growth and the benefit of good law for all subjects and citizens, regardless of race in the power of the Brit Milah. It is an equation; a worship that brings an atmosphere. The entire society and every street, tunnel, park and road is the Lord's House. It feels like Eden. It is to feel like Eden. Mechanized labor and automation helps to make it go swimmingly. But, you must give what is saved in automation and in loss prevention to the people that they will enjoy the Lord's House and you will see buoyancy. Scarman also commented on this opportunity with similar observations. Reverse-colonialism is probably not the most apt phrase to describe the reality and impact of globalization on Western-Judeo Christian democracies. It could be described as an obvious, symbiotic and established movement and migration of peoples and goods. English culture is the ecumenical and equitable celebration of the differences in humanness with good law celebrating and protecting such differences, aspiring to the Heavens with freedom for all. England has former crown colonies of great consequence and impact since the 1600's with sons and daughters representing a unique hybridization of global culture in every corner of the earth and certainly in Britain. You can now buy top designer brands these days in abundance from three seasons ago as well as current offerings. these brands celebrate values and traditions with unique expressions. The unique hybridization, though, is sometimes the cornerstone of a confused cultural confidence which masks an ancestral insecurity which sits with many speaking of a hybridized identity called “genetic buffet” or Out of many people apparently. ”Genetic buffet” apparently means that you are really sure who you are or where your family comes from so you are “genetic buffet” or Out of many people with some physical features that indicate your genetic hybridization. It is celebrated in many hedonistic ways and the celebration is indicative,, of the mental slavery that some island nation's founding musical fathers wrote and sung about. It is almost an illness(the celebration) and at times boarders on self hatred or at least competitive communal devaluation and striving; “genetic buffet” or Out of many people or something like that. The mottoes vary. But, you do show thankfulness for what is yours and you do not covet. Social and family acceptance, however, might be based on the extent of your “genetic buffet” or Out of many people. It should be celebrated but it should not involve mutual abuse or devaluation that comes in many forms and may include your friend's bad foot saliva that he offers you or his neighbor in a glass of juice so that he leaves your home feeling higher than you in your pitiful egotistical crab-like imagination; disgusting. You tell your kids that it takes a village to raise a child and that they should study hard but then you say you hate your own after they graduate and attempt to enjoy their studies so why did you buy them any books? Things have not been as they were since 1962 so why look back to how it was instead of celebrating how it is and will be with the fastest mango producers etc.. in the world? You have value on your own. You could feel Puerto Rican any day of the week when you see you have value on your own and a sun for your country to orbit. It's crazy; the anger, covetousness and hatred toward one another. With a great deal of private prayer effort related to the highest rates of child sex and physical abuse per capita (see the sociological reports and CIA Fact Books) and public efforts at proffering real and obvious healing and real perfection in good intention toward family generational unity and preservation to alleviate the same; let us not forget the tribalism in political conflict between one party and another party but there is only one purse provided by the IMF in many of these former colonies; now countries. See the CIA fact books with respect to Trafficking in persons. It has probably a lot to do with national unity and not trying to beat anyone up in your country, city or family to build up your ego. That is civil war. If you do, it makes rooting for the national team during soccer or hockey matches quite hypocritical. Only cannibals do that; right? But how could this be? School ties are the beginning of unity and deliverance; not conflict or division since every school sings the national anthem. They should probably just remove the negative soul in the living experience no matter how angry Rosa Parks and her friends may get if you are happy and thankful for their efforts while the younger ones hammer her vehicle so she doesn't feel too authoritative ( but shouldn't people be happy as they hold an I-product and read their cooking, medical or sports therapy school grades as they can sit in the middle of the bus and dream of some day enjoying the front one day but only if no one needs the stroller space?) or plant a cross(ending all reliance on spiritual confusion by which one is mentally and spiritually enslaved); not argot. Who are these people who are afraid of someone having more social authority for a bottle of cologne bought on sale at Boots or Walgreens for $19.99? A statue of Christ in the harbor is an excellent sign of the real soul of this family oriented island.Some nations have the highest number of churches per capita in their regions with great benefit. White Jamaican Families(regardless of their light or midnight complexion) help their children, cousins and children's children since all the family that survives you is a great testimony of your special status as a White Jamaican. They work together will all Jamaicans to ensure there is no injustice in this world and that people are provided recompense if there is. It is humane redemption and nobody needs to be white or white Jamaican to play music or to be creative. Go to an art gallery or to any music or athletic hall of fame. You will find all kinds and colors of Jamaicans there. Helping other Jamaicans suffering injustice, your own family, your adopted and raised children or otherwise is the quintessential definition of being a white Jamaican; to help your family and this includes the children raised in your home with corn flakes, skates and soccer shoes. Cross-generational abuse is anathema to one's honor. If you suffered mistreatment, you ask for the strength to forgive so that you will not pass the mistreatment on unwittingly or subconsciously to another generation. Slavery did not end when the Cimaroons revolted and ran to the United States to be with George Washington and Alexander Hamilton who understood tyranny. It ended when the French, English or the U.S abolished it in their respective jurisdictions. The French were first. So, let us move on then. These experiences as some have recounted them on occasion are an aberration of the truth that certainly involves different groups and cultures living and working together for the greater good; some purely Indian, Chinese, European, Afro Latino, Afro Brazilian or African, many partly native or racially mixed. The majority of these islands and countries are mixed race with most people carrying four different quarters of genes. Any couple could give birth to a child with varying features within a particular Island's gene pool. It is still your child as you remember that grey-eyed or brown -eyed relative from two generations ago. No one has black eyes. In the end, everyone knows their ancestry in one sense or the other and chooses peace. As the popular motto says, Out of many people and cultures, there is now just one. This is not unlike other countries in the Americas including the U.S. But, clearly the family frying fish and chips at the local chippy these days is likely to be of Mediterranean, Arabic or Asian extract and descent. Who again is running the best “Perfect Fried Chicken” franchise in Islington on Black Stock Road? The branch in Battersea makes an excellent chicken sandwich. Never mind.
The truth is that as much as society and its complexion may change, our system of jurisprudence is founded on ancient, adynamic, unchanging principles which are older than Rome itself. If a Muslim can't come to Canada and get God's justice, then we should leave their poppy and oil fields alone. Our principles of Justice are timeless and by virtue of the oaths made by lawyers and Judges alike when they proceed, Justice is not fettered but lives and transmits the message that law is colour blind. It is colour blind. However, we are fallible and with every ethics course, we are reminded of our fallibility.
Sometimes, when we read judgments we may realise that we are not always colour blind with our apprehend-able biases appearing on the face of the judgment. Do we not apprehend them? We may need to create a course in fundamental justice. It is said in Latin Jurisprudentia est divinarum atque humanarum rerum notitia justi atque injusti scientia. The english translation of the preceding latin saying is as follows: Jurisprudence is knowledge of things sacred and human, a science of right and wrong. It is also said in Latin, Jus Naturale est Quod Apud Omnes Homines Eandem Habet Potentiam: that natural law has the same force among all people. It is also said in Latin, Justitia Firmatur Solium; that the throne is strengthened by justice. In Latin, it also says Justitia Nemini Neganda Est; that justice should be denied to no one. Last it says in Latin, Jus Respicit Aequitatem; that law is mindful of equity.
Certainly there are times when there are failures in judgment where some of these failures amount to bias or a lack of fairness in procedure. The judicial community works hard to avoid this. There are obviously those who do not believe that law or the legal process is colour blind and fear judicial bias based on race or other parameters. It is submitted that Mustapha v Culligan, playfully referred to as Donoghue v. Culligan provides an example when the ethno-centric realities of the case may have been ignored in the process of weighing and judging of the parties positions leading to ethnic biases in the assessment of the evidence, resulting in a harsh result such that it cannot be said justice was seen to be done between the parties. Ultimately, there was a particular result in judgment. But, what essentially is the failure in Donoghue v. Culligan? The failure is that the court has an inherent jurisdiction to ensure that the principles of equity, justice and fairness are upheld by the court. No legal system should fall victim to anything that is less than a vicar's or Cardinal's justice. This is for the dark ages when some body could ask you to recant of your beliefs at the threat of death or for countries where they stone you for teaching young girls how to read and write.
Clearly the scintilla of the Mustapha ( Donoghue v. Culligan) case fits squarely within every parameter of the seminal case Donoghue v. Stevenson. Only the final result in Mustapha ( Donoghue v. Culligan) on appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada is at odds with the principles of Donoghue v. Stevenson. But why?
Mr. Mustapha is a Muslim man reaching middle age with a wife and family living in a middle-class home setting. He buys bottled spring water on a regular basis which comes in large multi-litre jugs for a water cooler in his kitchen. One day, the water company named Culligan arrives at his home with a water cooler bottle that contains non-decomposed house flies floating inside the bottle. Mr. Mustapha installs the bottle in the water cooler but he does not see the flies right away. Shortly thereafter, he returns to the kitchen to see that his wife has fainted at the sight of the flies floating in the water cooler bottle. She has had an expected shock reaction akin to the reaction suffered by Mrs. Donoghue. Mr. Mustapha has his own stress reaction also akin to the reaction of Mrs. Donoghue. If Mr. Mustapha was a white grandmother from Manitoba, who would have questioned the normalcy of his reaction to the sight of un-decomposed flies floating in his water cooler bottle?
Following certain reasonable man tests, it was argued by the court that Mr. Mustapha's reaction was not to be expected within the range of normal reactions of the average Canadian man in his age group. But, his statement of claim is not a class-action suit where he has claimed on behalf of every Canadian man in his age group. What did Mr. Mustapha suffer? What did Mrs. Donoghue Suffer? A subjectively balanced objective test would be appropriate. It would be equitable where we would ask what would have been the reaction of the reasonably minded person with the same background as the claimant to the tortious wrong occasioned upon them by the manufacturer. The question is what did the litigant suffer? He, Mr. Mustapha, is the one who suffered the wrong. Why should he lose his claim for having a reaction within the calculable range of possible human reactions that fit within our God -given humanity? Quite possibly, quite likely on a balance of probabilities, it is 50% likely that half the men in Canada in Mr. Mustapha's age group would have had a shock reaction of some kind. The strength and severity of the reaction should only affect the quantum of damages. Any shock reaction suffered by the claimant, no matter how diminimus, should lead to an award of damages with Donoghue and Stevenson being the foundational judgment for Mr. Mustapha's award. Therefore, it can be easily said that, like Mustapha, a person of normal fortitude would have had a shock reaction to the sight of flies in the water cooler bottle. Arsenic should not be in my 'Hines" Ketchup nor in my child's "Gurber" baby food let alone flies in my spring water bottle.
The medical opinion is the true issue here. The psychologist who examined Mustapha said that Mustapha was unusually clean and that this propensity was a facet of his Muslim faith and upbringing. This propensity caused his severe stress reaction to the sight of flies in the water cooler bottle, the psychologist said. This raises severe ethno-cultural issues. Clearly the middle-aged woman from Manitoba would have had a similar stress reaction as that suffered by Mustapha. At least 50% of the reasonably minded middled aged white men in Canada regardless of religion would have had a similar stress reaction as that suffered by Mr. Mustapha. We are splicing hairs with a razor to argue that his reaction was less than normal. How should Mr. Mustapha have reacted to such a horrible sight of dead insects floating in his cooler bottle? A numb reaction of indifference would have been irrational. Would it not? Shock, no matter how slight, is certainly normal when one sees flies floating in his water cooler especially when the bottle came directly from the Water bottling plant. A slight shock reaction was enough to substantiate some award of damages in Mustapha's favor but to reduce his reaction with the argument that it was abnormal in a psychological assessment or in a legal objective test is inhumane and denies Mr. Mustapha of his humanity and the realities of ethnic difference in our humanity. Diversity, not homogeneity, is the reality of any society, pre and post-modern, and the just laws of every society will absorb this beautiful human truth. This is the legacy of Rome and the laws passed down by this progenitor of every Judeo-Christian Western democracy; that law is colour blind and is free from ethnic bias in its final and just result. Is this not the imprint that we find in the common law?
It is said that expert opinions usually carry biases of some kind; biases that favor the legal team who may have consulted with the expert to obtain the opinion or the independent biases of the alleged expert. Courts are aware of this phenomenon of bias in expert opinions (see the case Regina v. More [ 1963] Manitoba Court of Appeal-see also R. V Turpin, 1989 S.C.C.). As a result, Judges are entitled to seek their own expert opinions when bias can be apprehended in the opinion of the expert ( see rule 52.03 of the Ontario Rules of Civil Procedure-similar court rules are found in other common law jurisdictions). In the Mustapha case, justice in the final outcome may have been unfettered by such an independent expert being appointed by the court.
A Muslim is entitled to be just as clean as his Canadian white male or female neighbour. They have the same faith as Christians and Jews since Mohammed commanded them to be followers of the people of the book( people of the book- Jews and Christians;Muslims are sons of Ishmael who is a son of Abraham and God gave Abraham one message). His faith should not make him unusually clean when many male White Christians would have had a similar and rather reasonable stress reaction akin to that suffered by Mustapha. This is in the range of the reasonableness of their Muslim, Christian or atheistic humanity.
Blackstone once commented on how law would become more instrumental over time in its ability to shape and structure the movements of society. This phenomena was also commented on by Habermas as the Habermasian Iron cage. Law was also instrumental in Rome. However, no matter how instrumental law may become, we need justice. This justice must be maintained by the construction of the court that will allow for flexibility within the office of the judiciary so that justice will be done in every matter. This is the legacy of Donoghue v. Culligan.
By Warren Augustine Lyon, B.A.(Hons.), LL.B(Hons.)
Copyright: (Warren Augustine Lyon (November 16th, 2010))
Toronto, Canada
www.bukisa.com is under construction and the version of the essay appearing on that site was corrupted by sources unknown-please be advised.
Wednesday, 16 August 2017
Sunday, 6 August 2017
Thursday, 3 August 2017
Saturday, 29 July 2017
The issue with the English language and the Arawak people is that there is insufficient covenant in the language. They need a Latin language to prosper and to feel settled or covered. Their first experience with Europe was with the sacrament and some of it was baked with the blood of an English man; in fact, most of it was baked with their blood for the first 200 years of their experience with Catholic Europe in the Indies. An Arawak's true loyalty is to Catholic authority and this will never change. It is a Catholic nation and now that this is obvious in the new research, the English speaking Arawaks will fall into line with their French speaking counter parts and their Spanish speaking counter parts.
The issue with the English language and the Arawak people is that there is insufficient covenant in the language. They need a Latin language to prosper and to feel settled or covered. Their first experience with Europe was with the sacrament and some of it was baked with the blood of an English man; in fact, most of it was baked with their blood for the first 200 years of their experience with Catholic Europe in the Indies. An Arawak's true loyalty is to Catholic authority and this will never change. It is a Catholic nation and now that this is obvious in the new research, the English speaking Arawaks will fall into line with their French speaking counter parts and their Spanish speaking counter parts. Otherwise, they work to exterminate themselves and are literally working to disable any English culture with a subconscious but complete and undying commitment to make the English feel small in a Catholic hegemony but with a subconscious motivation.
Wednesday, 19 July 2017
So, to ensure his Kingdom and that he will not just be a dud, Charles Mephibosheth has decided to renounce his tutor's teaching and not fear the Black people who can read music or speak French in a Court or in an Orchestra while his tutor told him to fear such people as they could be the...you know the David or the legitimate but David is only one King in beautiful Middle Eastern Israeli History.
So, to ensure his Kingdom and that he will not just be a dud, Charles Mephibosheth has decided to renounce his tutor's teaching and not fear the Black people who can read music or speak French in a Court or in an Orchestra while his tutor told him to fear such people as they could be the...you know the David or the legitimate but David is only one King in beautiful Middle Eastern Israeli History. But, why do you not have this problem in other Kingdoms that exist in the post modern context? But, he is such a good cook. Look! He fried two eggs on one; on one skillet in January 2007 with a pivot! He made the run from Tatooine in 12 parsecs. I t made Mephibosheth Jealous! David Jesus Yeshua baked 10000 loaves in one hour and made 10000 vehicles in one week using machines since he already believed how good he is(IKEA) while Mephibosheth competed with the machine for the credit and human value and appreciation that he might say "look at how good I am" and only made 1000 loaves of inconsistent, contradictory and conflicted quality. Since he does not own the river and he knows this, we send him "Thank you" cards for giving us a living symbol of the heraldry that brings us to thankfulness for the quiet and the ten commandments as manifested through the Civil Republic Mail that sends all of the invitations for the Civic Republic Ascot and he pays us the participatory remuneration since being a King in Europe does not mean that you crush the people like bread. You love them since they could just look up at a cctv camera in a French boulevard tunnel as installed in 1985 and running on quite well in August 1997 to see all that gives us thankfulness in that we know what you did last summer. We are safe. We have Magna carta, Laicite and Seken. We have community. Hurray for Charles Mephibosheth! He is the type of kid who would want the other kid's toy even if his toy and the other kid's toy were identical.
Sunday, 2 July 2017
Wednesday, 28 June 2017
Rousseau 6
It is reasonable to suppose that the words first made use of by mankind
had a much more extensive signification than those used in languages
already formed, and that ignorant as they were of the division of
discourse into its constituent parts, they at first gave every single
word the sense of a whole proposition. When they began to distinguish
subject and attribute, and noun and verb, which was itself no common
effort of genius, substantives were first only so many proper names; the
present infinitive was the only tense of verbs; and the very idea of
adjectives must have been developed with great difficulty; for every
adjective is an abstract idea, and abstractions are painful and
unnatural operations.
Every object at first received a particular name without regard to genus
or species, which these primitive originators were not in a position to
distinguish; every individual presented itself to their minds in
isolation, as they are in the picture of nature. If one oak was called
A, another was called B; for the primitive idea of two things is that
they are not the same, and it often takes a long time for what they have
in common to be seen: so that, the narrower the limits of their
knowledge of things, the more copious their dictionary must have been.
The difficulty of using such a vocabulary could not be easily removed;
for, to arrange beings under common and generic denominations, it became
necessary to know their distinguishing properties: the need arose for
observation and definition, that is to say, for natural history and
metaphysics of a far more developed kind than men can at that time have
possessed.
Add to this, that general ideas cannot be introduced into the mind
without the assistance of words, nor can the understanding seize them
except by means of propositions. This is one of the reasons why animals
cannot form such ideas, or ever acquire that capacity for
self-improvement which depends on them. When a monkey goes from one nut
to another, are we to conceive that he entertains any general idea of
that kind of fruit, and compares its archetype with the two individual
nuts? Assuredly he does not; but the sight of one of these nuts recalls
to his memory the sensations which he received from the other, and his
eyes, being modified after a certain manner, give information to the
palate of the modification it is about to receive. Every general idea is
purely intellectual; if the imagination meddles with it ever so little,
the idea immediately becomes particular. If you endeavour to trace in
your mind the image of a tree in general, you never attain to your end.
In spite of all you can do, you will have to see it as great or little,
bare or leafy, light or dark, and were you capable of seeing nothing in
it but what is common to all trees, it would no longer be like a tree at
all. Purely abstract beings are perceivable in the same manner, or are
only conceivable by the help of language. The definition of a triangle
alone gives you a true idea of it: the moment you imagine a triangle in
your mind, it is some particular triangle and not another, and you
cannot avoid giving it sensible lines and a coloured area. We must then
make use of propositions and of language in order to form general ideas.
For no sooner does the imagination cease to operate than the
understanding proceeds only by the help of words. If then the first
inventors of speech could give names only to ideas they already had, it
follows that the first substantives could be nothing more than proper
names.
But when our new grammarians, by means of which I have no conception,
began to extend their ideas and generalise their terms, the ignorance of
the inventors must have confined this method within very narrow limits;
and, as they had at first gone too far in multiplying the names of
individuals, from ignorance of their genus and species, they made
afterwards too few of these, from not having considered beings in all
their specific differences. It would indeed have needed more knowledge
and experience than they could have, and more pains and inquiry than
they would have bestowed, to carry these distinctions to their proper
length. If, even to-day, we are continually discovering new species,
which have hitherto escaped observation, let us reflect how many of them
must have escaped men who judged things merely from their first
appearance! It is superfluous to add that the primitive classes and the
most general notions must necessarily have escaped their notice also.
How, for instance, could they have understood or thought of the words
matter, spirit, substance, mode, figure, motion, when even our
philosophers, who have so long been making use of them, have themselves
the greatest difficulty in understanding them; and when, the ideas
attached to them being purely metaphysical, there are no models of them
to be found in nature?
But I stop at this point, and ask my judges to suspend their reading a
while, to consider, after the invention of physical substantives, which
is the easiest part of language to invent, that there is still a great
way to go, before the thoughts of men will have found perfect expression
and constant form, such as would answer the purposes of public speaking,
and produce their effect on society. I beg of them to consider how much
time must have been spent, and how much knowledge needed, to find out
numbers, abstract terms, aorists and all the tenses of verbs, particles,
syntax, the method of connecting propositions, the forms of reasoning,
and all the logic of speech. For myself, I am so aghast at the
increasing difficulties which present themselves, and so well convinced
of the almost demonstrable impossibility that languages should owe their
original institution to merely human means, that I leave, to any one who
will undertake it, the discussion of the difficult problem, which was
most necessary, the existence of society to the invention of language,
or the invention of language to the establishment of society. But be the
origin of language and society what they may, it may be at least
inferred, from the little care which nature has taken to unite mankind
by mutual wants, and to facilitate the use of speech, that she has
contributed little to make them sociable, and has put little of her own
into all they have done to create such bonds of union. It is in fact
impossible to conceive why, in a state of nature, one man should stand
more in need of the assistance of another, than a monkey or a wolf of
the assistance of another of its kind: or, granting that he did, what
motives could induce that other to assist him; or, even then, by what
means they could agree about the conditions. I know it is incessantly
repeated that man would in such a state have been the most miserable of
creatures; and indeed, if it be true, as I think I have proved, that he
must have lived many ages, before he could have either desire or an
opportunity of emerging from it, this would only be an accusation
against nature, and not against the being which she had thus unhappily
constituted. But as I understand the word miserable, it either has no
meaning at all, or else signifies only a painful privation of something,
or a state of suffering either in body or soul. I should be glad to have
explained to me, what kind of misery a free being, whose heart is at
ease and whose body is in health, can possibly suffer. I would ask also,
whether a social or a natural life is most likely to become
insupportable to those who enjoy it. We see around us hardly a creature
in civil society, who does not lament his existence: we even see many
deprive themselves of as much of it as they can, and laws human and
divine together can hardly put a stop to the disorder. I ask, if it was
ever known that a savage took it into his head, when at liberty, to
complain of life or to make away with himself. Let us therefore judge,
with less vanity, on which side the real misery is found. On the other
hand, nothing could be more unhappy than savage man, dazzled by science,
tormented by his passions, and reasoning about a state different from
his own. It appears that Providence most wisely determined that the
faculties, which he potentially possessed, should develop themselves
only as occasion offered to exercise them, in order that they might not
be superfluous or perplexing to him, by appearing before their time, nor
slow and useless when the need for them arose. In instinct alone, he had
all he required for living in the state of nature; and with a developed
understanding he has only just enough to support life in society.
It appears, at first view, that men in a state of nature, having no
moral relations or determinate obligations one with another, could not
be either good or bad, virtuous or vicious; unless we take these terms
in a physical sense, and call, in an individual, those qualities vices
which may be injurious to his preservation, and those virtues which
contribute to it; in which case, he would have to be accounted most
virtuous, who put least check on the pure impulses of nature. But
without deviating from the ordinary sense of the words, it will be
proper to suspend the judgment we might be led to form on such a state,
and be on our guard against our prejudices, till we have weighed the
matter in the scales of impartiality, and seen whether virtues or vices
preponderate among civilised men; and whether their virtues do them more
good than their vices do harm; till we have discovered, whether the
progress of the sciences sufficiently indemnifies them for the mischiefs
they do one another, in proportion as they are better informed of the
good they ought to do; or whether they would not be, on the whole, in a
much happier condition if they had nothing to fear or to hope from any
one, than as they are, subjected to universal dependence, and obliged to
take everything from those who engage to give them nothing in return.
Above all, let us not conclude, with Hobbes, that because man has no
idea of goodness, he must be naturally wicked; that he is vicious
because he does not know virtue; that he always refuses to do his
fellow-creatures services which he does not think they have a right to
demand; or that by virtue of the right he truly claims to everything he
needs, he foolishly imagines himself the sole proprietor of the whole
universe. Hobbes had seen clearly the defects of all the modern
definitions of natural right: but the consequences which he deduces from
his own show that he understands it in an equally false sense. In
reasoning on the principles he lays down, he ought to have said that the
state of nature, being that in which the care for our own preservation
is the least prejudicial to that of others, was consequently the best
calculated to promote peace, and the most suitable for mankind. He does
say the exact opposite, in consequence of having improperly admitted, as
a part of savage man's care for self-preservation, the gratification of
a multitude of passions which are the work of society, and have made
laws necessary. A bad man, he says, is a robust child. But it remains to
be proved whether man in a state of nature is this robust child: and,
should we grant that he is, what would he infer? Why truly, that if this
man, when robust and strong, were dependent on others as he is when
feeble, there is no extravagance he would not be guilty of; that he
would beat his mother when she was too slow in giving him her breast;
that he would strangle one of his younger brothers, if he should be
troublesome to him, or bite the arm of another, if he put him to any
inconvenience. But that man in the state of nature is both strong and
dependent involves two contrary suppositions. Man is weak when he is
dependent, and is his own master before he comes to be strong. Hobbes
did not reflect that the same cause, which prevents a savage from making
use of his reason, as our jurists hold, prevents him also from abusing
his faculties, as Hobbes himself allows: so that it may be justly said
that savages are not bad merely because they do not know what it is to
be good: for it is neither the development of the understanding nor the
restraint of law that hinders them from doing ill; but the peacefulness
of their passions, and their ignorance of vice: tanto plus in illis
proficit vitiorum ignoratio, quam in his cognitio virtutis.[2]
There is another principle which has escaped Hobbes; which, having been
bestowed on mankind, to moderate, on certain occasions, the impetuosity
of egoism, or, before its birth, the desire of self-preservation,
tempers the ardour with which he pursues his own welfare, by an innate
repugnance at seeing a fellow-creature suffer.[3] I think I need not
fear contradiction in holding man to be possessed of the only natural
virtue, which could not be denied him by the most violent detractor of
human virtue. I am speaking of compassion, which is a disposition
suitable to creatures so weak and subject to so many evils as we
certainly are: by so much the more universal and useful to mankind, as
it comes before any kind of reflection; and at the same time so natural,
that the very brutes themselves sometimes give evident proofs of it. Not
to mention the tenderness of mothers for their offspring and the perils
they encounter to save them from danger, it is well known that horses
show a reluctance to trample on living bodies. One animal never passes
by the dead body of another of its species: there are even some which
give their fellows a sort of burial; while the mournful lowings of the
cattle when they enter the slaughter-house show the impressions made on
them by the horrible spectacle which meets them. We find, with pleasure,
the author of the Fable of the Bees obliged to own that man is a
compassionate and sensible being, and laying aside his cold subtlety of
style, in the example he gives, to present us with the pathetic
description of a man who, from a place of confinement, is compelled to
behold a wild beast tear a child from the arms of its mother, grinding
its tender limbs with its murderous teeth, and tearing its palpitating
entrails with its claws. What horrid agitation must not the eyewitness
of such a scene experience, although he would not be personally
concerned! What anxiety would he not suffer at not being able to give
any assistance to the fainting mother and the dying infant!
Such is the pure emotion of nature, prior to all kinds of reflection!
Such is the force of natural compassion, which the greatest depravity of
morals has as yet hardly been able to destroy! for we daily find at our
theatres men affected, nay shedding tears at the sufferings of a wretch
who, were he in the tyrant's place, would probably even add to the
torments of his enemies; like the bloodthirsty Sulla, who was so
sensitive to ills he had not caused, or that Alexander of Pheros who did
not dare to go and see any tragedy acted, for fear of being seen weeping
with Andromache and Priam, though he could listen without emotion to the
cries of all the citizens who were daily strangled at his command.
Mollissima corda
Humano generi dare se natura fatetur,
Quæ lacrimas dedit.
Juvenal, Satires, xv. 151[4]
Mandeville well knew that, in spite of all their morality, men would
have never been better than monsters, had not nature bestowed on them a
sense of compassion, to aid their reason: but he did not see that from
this quality alone flow all those social virtues, of which he denied man
the possession. But what is generosity, clemency or humanity but
compassion applied to the weak, to the guilty, or to mankind in general?
Even benevolence and friendship are, if we judge rightly, only the
effects of compassion, constantly set upon a particular object: for how
is it different to wish that another person may not suffer pain and
uneasiness and to wish him happy? Were it even true that pity is no more
than a feeling, which puts us in the place of the sufferer, a feeling,
obscure yet lively in a savage, developed yet feeble in civilised man;
this truth would have no other consequence than to confirm my argument.
Compassion must, in fact, be the stronger, the more the animal beholding
any kind of distress identifies himself with the animal that suffers.
Now, it is plain that such identification must have been much more
perfect in a state of nature than it is in a state of reason. It is
reason that engenders self-respect, and reflection that confirms it: it
is reason which turns man's mind back upon itself, and divides him from
everything that could disturb or afflict him. It is philosophy that
isolates him, and bids him say, at sight of the misfortunes of others:
"Perish if you will, I am secure." Nothing but such general evils as
threaten the whole community can disturb the tranquil sleep of the
philosopher, or tear him from his bed. A murder may with impunity be
committed under his window; he has only to put his hands to his ears and
argue a little with himself, to prevent nature, which is shocked within
him, from identifying itself with the unfortunate sufferer. Uncivilised
man has not this admirable talent; and for want of reason and wisdom, is
always foolishly ready to obey the first promptings of humanity. It is
the populace that flocks together at riots and street-brawls, while the
wise man prudently makes off. It is the mob and the market-women, who
part the combatants, and hinder gentle-folks from cutting one another's
throats.
It is then certain that compassion is a natural feeling, which, by
moderating the violence of love of self in each individual, contributes
to the preservation of the whole species. It is this compassion that
hurries us without reflection to the relief of those who are in
distress: it is this which in a state of nature supplies the place of
laws, morals and virtues, with the advantage that none are tempted to
disobey its gentle voice: it is this which will always prevent a sturdy
savage from robbing a weak child or a feeble old man of the sustenance
they may have with pain and difficulty acquired, if he sees a
possibility of providing for himself by other means: it is this which,
instead of inculcating that sublime maxim of rational justice. Do to
others as you would have them do unto you, inspires all men with that
other maxim of natural goodness, much less perfect indeed, but perhaps
more useful; Do good to yourself with as little evil as possible to
others. In a word, it is rather in this natural feeling than in any
subtle arguments that we must look for the cause of that repugnance,
which every man would experience in doing evil, even independently of
the maxims of education. Although it might belong to Socrates and other
minds of the like craft to acquire virtue by reason, the human race
would long since have ceased to be, had its preservation depended only
on the reasonings of the individuals composing it.
had a much more extensive signification than those used in languages
already formed, and that ignorant as they were of the division of
discourse into its constituent parts, they at first gave every single
word the sense of a whole proposition. When they began to distinguish
subject and attribute, and noun and verb, which was itself no common
effort of genius, substantives were first only so many proper names; the
present infinitive was the only tense of verbs; and the very idea of
adjectives must have been developed with great difficulty; for every
adjective is an abstract idea, and abstractions are painful and
unnatural operations.
Every object at first received a particular name without regard to genus
or species, which these primitive originators were not in a position to
distinguish; every individual presented itself to their minds in
isolation, as they are in the picture of nature. If one oak was called
A, another was called B; for the primitive idea of two things is that
they are not the same, and it often takes a long time for what they have
in common to be seen: so that, the narrower the limits of their
knowledge of things, the more copious their dictionary must have been.
The difficulty of using such a vocabulary could not be easily removed;
for, to arrange beings under common and generic denominations, it became
necessary to know their distinguishing properties: the need arose for
observation and definition, that is to say, for natural history and
metaphysics of a far more developed kind than men can at that time have
possessed.
Add to this, that general ideas cannot be introduced into the mind
without the assistance of words, nor can the understanding seize them
except by means of propositions. This is one of the reasons why animals
cannot form such ideas, or ever acquire that capacity for
self-improvement which depends on them. When a monkey goes from one nut
to another, are we to conceive that he entertains any general idea of
that kind of fruit, and compares its archetype with the two individual
nuts? Assuredly he does not; but the sight of one of these nuts recalls
to his memory the sensations which he received from the other, and his
eyes, being modified after a certain manner, give information to the
palate of the modification it is about to receive. Every general idea is
purely intellectual; if the imagination meddles with it ever so little,
the idea immediately becomes particular. If you endeavour to trace in
your mind the image of a tree in general, you never attain to your end.
In spite of all you can do, you will have to see it as great or little,
bare or leafy, light or dark, and were you capable of seeing nothing in
it but what is common to all trees, it would no longer be like a tree at
all. Purely abstract beings are perceivable in the same manner, or are
only conceivable by the help of language. The definition of a triangle
alone gives you a true idea of it: the moment you imagine a triangle in
your mind, it is some particular triangle and not another, and you
cannot avoid giving it sensible lines and a coloured area. We must then
make use of propositions and of language in order to form general ideas.
For no sooner does the imagination cease to operate than the
understanding proceeds only by the help of words. If then the first
inventors of speech could give names only to ideas they already had, it
follows that the first substantives could be nothing more than proper
names.
But when our new grammarians, by means of which I have no conception,
began to extend their ideas and generalise their terms, the ignorance of
the inventors must have confined this method within very narrow limits;
and, as they had at first gone too far in multiplying the names of
individuals, from ignorance of their genus and species, they made
afterwards too few of these, from not having considered beings in all
their specific differences. It would indeed have needed more knowledge
and experience than they could have, and more pains and inquiry than
they would have bestowed, to carry these distinctions to their proper
length. If, even to-day, we are continually discovering new species,
which have hitherto escaped observation, let us reflect how many of them
must have escaped men who judged things merely from their first
appearance! It is superfluous to add that the primitive classes and the
most general notions must necessarily have escaped their notice also.
How, for instance, could they have understood or thought of the words
matter, spirit, substance, mode, figure, motion, when even our
philosophers, who have so long been making use of them, have themselves
the greatest difficulty in understanding them; and when, the ideas
attached to them being purely metaphysical, there are no models of them
to be found in nature?
But I stop at this point, and ask my judges to suspend their reading a
while, to consider, after the invention of physical substantives, which
is the easiest part of language to invent, that there is still a great
way to go, before the thoughts of men will have found perfect expression
and constant form, such as would answer the purposes of public speaking,
and produce their effect on society. I beg of them to consider how much
time must have been spent, and how much knowledge needed, to find out
numbers, abstract terms, aorists and all the tenses of verbs, particles,
syntax, the method of connecting propositions, the forms of reasoning,
and all the logic of speech. For myself, I am so aghast at the
increasing difficulties which present themselves, and so well convinced
of the almost demonstrable impossibility that languages should owe their
original institution to merely human means, that I leave, to any one who
will undertake it, the discussion of the difficult problem, which was
most necessary, the existence of society to the invention of language,
or the invention of language to the establishment of society. But be the
origin of language and society what they may, it may be at least
inferred, from the little care which nature has taken to unite mankind
by mutual wants, and to facilitate the use of speech, that she has
contributed little to make them sociable, and has put little of her own
into all they have done to create such bonds of union. It is in fact
impossible to conceive why, in a state of nature, one man should stand
more in need of the assistance of another, than a monkey or a wolf of
the assistance of another of its kind: or, granting that he did, what
motives could induce that other to assist him; or, even then, by what
means they could agree about the conditions. I know it is incessantly
repeated that man would in such a state have been the most miserable of
creatures; and indeed, if it be true, as I think I have proved, that he
must have lived many ages, before he could have either desire or an
opportunity of emerging from it, this would only be an accusation
against nature, and not against the being which she had thus unhappily
constituted. But as I understand the word miserable, it either has no
meaning at all, or else signifies only a painful privation of something,
or a state of suffering either in body or soul. I should be glad to have
explained to me, what kind of misery a free being, whose heart is at
ease and whose body is in health, can possibly suffer. I would ask also,
whether a social or a natural life is most likely to become
insupportable to those who enjoy it. We see around us hardly a creature
in civil society, who does not lament his existence: we even see many
deprive themselves of as much of it as they can, and laws human and
divine together can hardly put a stop to the disorder. I ask, if it was
ever known that a savage took it into his head, when at liberty, to
complain of life or to make away with himself. Let us therefore judge,
with less vanity, on which side the real misery is found. On the other
hand, nothing could be more unhappy than savage man, dazzled by science,
tormented by his passions, and reasoning about a state different from
his own. It appears that Providence most wisely determined that the
faculties, which he potentially possessed, should develop themselves
only as occasion offered to exercise them, in order that they might not
be superfluous or perplexing to him, by appearing before their time, nor
slow and useless when the need for them arose. In instinct alone, he had
all he required for living in the state of nature; and with a developed
understanding he has only just enough to support life in society.
It appears, at first view, that men in a state of nature, having no
moral relations or determinate obligations one with another, could not
be either good or bad, virtuous or vicious; unless we take these terms
in a physical sense, and call, in an individual, those qualities vices
which may be injurious to his preservation, and those virtues which
contribute to it; in which case, he would have to be accounted most
virtuous, who put least check on the pure impulses of nature. But
without deviating from the ordinary sense of the words, it will be
proper to suspend the judgment we might be led to form on such a state,
and be on our guard against our prejudices, till we have weighed the
matter in the scales of impartiality, and seen whether virtues or vices
preponderate among civilised men; and whether their virtues do them more
good than their vices do harm; till we have discovered, whether the
progress of the sciences sufficiently indemnifies them for the mischiefs
they do one another, in proportion as they are better informed of the
good they ought to do; or whether they would not be, on the whole, in a
much happier condition if they had nothing to fear or to hope from any
one, than as they are, subjected to universal dependence, and obliged to
take everything from those who engage to give them nothing in return.
Above all, let us not conclude, with Hobbes, that because man has no
idea of goodness, he must be naturally wicked; that he is vicious
because he does not know virtue; that he always refuses to do his
fellow-creatures services which he does not think they have a right to
demand; or that by virtue of the right he truly claims to everything he
needs, he foolishly imagines himself the sole proprietor of the whole
universe. Hobbes had seen clearly the defects of all the modern
definitions of natural right: but the consequences which he deduces from
his own show that he understands it in an equally false sense. In
reasoning on the principles he lays down, he ought to have said that the
state of nature, being that in which the care for our own preservation
is the least prejudicial to that of others, was consequently the best
calculated to promote peace, and the most suitable for mankind. He does
say the exact opposite, in consequence of having improperly admitted, as
a part of savage man's care for self-preservation, the gratification of
a multitude of passions which are the work of society, and have made
laws necessary. A bad man, he says, is a robust child. But it remains to
be proved whether man in a state of nature is this robust child: and,
should we grant that he is, what would he infer? Why truly, that if this
man, when robust and strong, were dependent on others as he is when
feeble, there is no extravagance he would not be guilty of; that he
would beat his mother when she was too slow in giving him her breast;
that he would strangle one of his younger brothers, if he should be
troublesome to him, or bite the arm of another, if he put him to any
inconvenience. But that man in the state of nature is both strong and
dependent involves two contrary suppositions. Man is weak when he is
dependent, and is his own master before he comes to be strong. Hobbes
did not reflect that the same cause, which prevents a savage from making
use of his reason, as our jurists hold, prevents him also from abusing
his faculties, as Hobbes himself allows: so that it may be justly said
that savages are not bad merely because they do not know what it is to
be good: for it is neither the development of the understanding nor the
restraint of law that hinders them from doing ill; but the peacefulness
of their passions, and their ignorance of vice: tanto plus in illis
proficit vitiorum ignoratio, quam in his cognitio virtutis.[2]
There is another principle which has escaped Hobbes; which, having been
bestowed on mankind, to moderate, on certain occasions, the impetuosity
of egoism, or, before its birth, the desire of self-preservation,
tempers the ardour with which he pursues his own welfare, by an innate
repugnance at seeing a fellow-creature suffer.[3] I think I need not
fear contradiction in holding man to be possessed of the only natural
virtue, which could not be denied him by the most violent detractor of
human virtue. I am speaking of compassion, which is a disposition
suitable to creatures so weak and subject to so many evils as we
certainly are: by so much the more universal and useful to mankind, as
it comes before any kind of reflection; and at the same time so natural,
that the very brutes themselves sometimes give evident proofs of it. Not
to mention the tenderness of mothers for their offspring and the perils
they encounter to save them from danger, it is well known that horses
show a reluctance to trample on living bodies. One animal never passes
by the dead body of another of its species: there are even some which
give their fellows a sort of burial; while the mournful lowings of the
cattle when they enter the slaughter-house show the impressions made on
them by the horrible spectacle which meets them. We find, with pleasure,
the author of the Fable of the Bees obliged to own that man is a
compassionate and sensible being, and laying aside his cold subtlety of
style, in the example he gives, to present us with the pathetic
description of a man who, from a place of confinement, is compelled to
behold a wild beast tear a child from the arms of its mother, grinding
its tender limbs with its murderous teeth, and tearing its palpitating
entrails with its claws. What horrid agitation must not the eyewitness
of such a scene experience, although he would not be personally
concerned! What anxiety would he not suffer at not being able to give
any assistance to the fainting mother and the dying infant!
Such is the pure emotion of nature, prior to all kinds of reflection!
Such is the force of natural compassion, which the greatest depravity of
morals has as yet hardly been able to destroy! for we daily find at our
theatres men affected, nay shedding tears at the sufferings of a wretch
who, were he in the tyrant's place, would probably even add to the
torments of his enemies; like the bloodthirsty Sulla, who was so
sensitive to ills he had not caused, or that Alexander of Pheros who did
not dare to go and see any tragedy acted, for fear of being seen weeping
with Andromache and Priam, though he could listen without emotion to the
cries of all the citizens who were daily strangled at his command.
Mollissima corda
Humano generi dare se natura fatetur,
Quæ lacrimas dedit.
Juvenal, Satires, xv. 151[4]
Mandeville well knew that, in spite of all their morality, men would
have never been better than monsters, had not nature bestowed on them a
sense of compassion, to aid their reason: but he did not see that from
this quality alone flow all those social virtues, of which he denied man
the possession. But what is generosity, clemency or humanity but
compassion applied to the weak, to the guilty, or to mankind in general?
Even benevolence and friendship are, if we judge rightly, only the
effects of compassion, constantly set upon a particular object: for how
is it different to wish that another person may not suffer pain and
uneasiness and to wish him happy? Were it even true that pity is no more
than a feeling, which puts us in the place of the sufferer, a feeling,
obscure yet lively in a savage, developed yet feeble in civilised man;
this truth would have no other consequence than to confirm my argument.
Compassion must, in fact, be the stronger, the more the animal beholding
any kind of distress identifies himself with the animal that suffers.
Now, it is plain that such identification must have been much more
perfect in a state of nature than it is in a state of reason. It is
reason that engenders self-respect, and reflection that confirms it: it
is reason which turns man's mind back upon itself, and divides him from
everything that could disturb or afflict him. It is philosophy that
isolates him, and bids him say, at sight of the misfortunes of others:
"Perish if you will, I am secure." Nothing but such general evils as
threaten the whole community can disturb the tranquil sleep of the
philosopher, or tear him from his bed. A murder may with impunity be
committed under his window; he has only to put his hands to his ears and
argue a little with himself, to prevent nature, which is shocked within
him, from identifying itself with the unfortunate sufferer. Uncivilised
man has not this admirable talent; and for want of reason and wisdom, is
always foolishly ready to obey the first promptings of humanity. It is
the populace that flocks together at riots and street-brawls, while the
wise man prudently makes off. It is the mob and the market-women, who
part the combatants, and hinder gentle-folks from cutting one another's
throats.
It is then certain that compassion is a natural feeling, which, by
moderating the violence of love of self in each individual, contributes
to the preservation of the whole species. It is this compassion that
hurries us without reflection to the relief of those who are in
distress: it is this which in a state of nature supplies the place of
laws, morals and virtues, with the advantage that none are tempted to
disobey its gentle voice: it is this which will always prevent a sturdy
savage from robbing a weak child or a feeble old man of the sustenance
they may have with pain and difficulty acquired, if he sees a
possibility of providing for himself by other means: it is this which,
instead of inculcating that sublime maxim of rational justice. Do to
others as you would have them do unto you, inspires all men with that
other maxim of natural goodness, much less perfect indeed, but perhaps
more useful; Do good to yourself with as little evil as possible to
others. In a word, it is rather in this natural feeling than in any
subtle arguments that we must look for the cause of that repugnance,
which every man would experience in doing evil, even independently of
the maxims of education. Although it might belong to Socrates and other
minds of the like craft to acquire virtue by reason, the human race
would long since have ceased to be, had its preservation depended only
on the reasonings of the individuals composing it.
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