Humanzee. The first humanzee was White. They can be any complexion. White, Black or Yellow is not really terminology that is accepted any longer. Recognising these people has saved mankind from racism. It is the humanzee who claims to break laws in the name of aggression vs. makind that needs the quiet of law and order.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The
humanzee (
Homo sapiens sapiens ×
Pan) (also known as the
Chuman or
Manpanzee) is a
hypothetical chimpanzee/
human hybrid. An unsuccessful attempt to breed such a hybrid was made by
Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov in the 1920s. There have been occasional reports of human-chimpanzee hybridization, notably regarding a performing chimp named
Oliver during the 1970s, but none of them have been confirmed. Similarly, the possibility of a chimpanzee–
gorilla hybrid, known as
koolakamba, also remains unsubstantiated.
The
portmanteau word humanzee for a human–chimpanzee hybrid appears to have entered usage in the 1980s.
[1]
Feasibility
The possibility of human–ape hybrids has been entertained since at least the medieval period;
Peter Damian (11th century) claimed to have been shown the monstrous offspring of a human woman who had mated with an ape.
[2] Linnaeus (1758) used
Homo troglodytes as the taxonomical name for a hypothetical human and orangutan hybrid.
[3]
Chimpanzees and humans are closely related (sharing 95% of their
DNA sequence and 99% of coding DNA sequences
[4]), leading to contested speculation that a hybrid is possible.
Humans have one pair fewer chromosomes than other apes, with ape
chromosomes 2 and 4 fusing into a large chromosome (which contains
remnants of the
centromere and
telomeres of the ancestral 2 and 4).
[5] Having different numbers of
chromosomes
is not an absolute barrier to hybridization; similar mismatches are
relatively common in existing species, a phenomenon known as
chromosomal polymorphism.
All great apes have similar genetic structure. Chromosomes 6, 13, 19,
21, 22, and X are structurally the same in all great apes. Chromosomes
3, 11, 14, 15, 18, and 20 match between gorillas, chimpanzees, and
humans. Chimps and humans match on 1, 2p, 2q, 5, 7–10, 12, 16, and Y as
well. Some older references include Y as a match between gorillas,
chimps, and humans, but chimpanzees,
bonobos, and humans have recently been found to share a large transposition from chromosome 1 to Y not found in other apes.
[6]
This degree of chromosomal similarity is roughly equivalent to that found in
equines. Interfertility of horses and donkeys is common, although sterility of the offspring (
mules) is nearly universal (with only around 60 exceptions recorded in equine history
[7]). Similar complexities and prevalent sterility pertain to horse–zebra hybrids, or
zorses,
whose chromosomal disparity is very wide, with horses typically having
32 chromosome pairs and zebras between 16 and 23 depending on species.
In a direct parallel to the chimp–human case, the
Przewalski's Horse (
Equus przewalskii) with 33 chromosome pairs, and the domestic horse (
E. caballus)
with 32 pairs, have been found to be interfertile, and produce
semi-fertile offspring: male hybrids can breed with female domestic
horses.
[8]
In 1977, researcher J. Michael Bedford
[9] discovered that human sperm could penetrate the protective outer membranes of a
gibbon egg. Bedford's paper also stated that human spermatozoa would not even attach to the
zona surface of non-hominoid primates (
baboon,
rhesus monkey, and
squirrel monkey), concluding that although the specificity of human spermatozoa is not confined to man alone, it is probably restricted to the
Hominoidea.
There has been a case of a female ape being kept for
sexual slavery by humans, yet no records to date of any pregnancies resulting.
[10]
Reports on attempted or successful hybridization
There
have been no scientifically verified specimens of a human–chimp hybrid,
but there have been substantiated reports of unsuccessful attempts at
human/chimpanzee hybridization in the Soviet Union in the 1920s, and
various unsubstantiated reports on similar attempts during the second
half of the 20th century.
Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov was the first person to attempt to create a human–chimp hybrid by
artificial insemination.
[11] Ivanov outlined his idea as early as 1910 in a presentation to the World Congress of Zoologists in
Graz.
[citation needed]
In the 1920s, Ivanov carried out a series of experiments, working with
human sperm and female chimpanzees, but he failed to achieve a
pregnancy. In 1929 he organized a set of experiments involving nonhuman
ape sperm and human volunteers, but was delayed by the death of his last
orangutan. The next year he fell under political criticism from the Soviet government and was sentenced to exile in the
Kazakh SSR; he worked there at the Kazakh Veterinary-Zootechnical Institute and died of a
stroke two years later.
[12]
In the 1970s, a performing chimp named
Oliver was popularized as a possible "mutant" or even a human–chimpanzee hybrid.
[13] An examination of Oliver's chromosomes at the
University of Chicago
in 1996 revealed that Oliver had forty-eight—not
forty-seven—chromosomes, thus disproving an earlier claim that he did
not have a normal chromosome count for a chimpanzee.
[14]
Oliver's cranial morphology, ear shape, freckles, and baldness fall
within the range of variability exhibited by the common chimpanzee.
[15] Scientists performed further studies with Oliver, the results of which were published in the
American Journal of Physical Anthropology.
[16]
In the 1980s, there were reports on an experiment in human–chimpanzee crossbreeding conducted in the
People's Republic of China in 1967, and on the planned resumption of such experiments. In 1981, Ji Yongxiang, head of a hospital in
Shengyang,
was reported as claiming to have been part of a 1967 experiment in
Shengyang in which a chimpanzee female had been impregnated with human
sperm. According to this account, the experiment came to nothing because
it was cut short by the
Cultural Revolution,
with the responsible scientists sent off to farm labour and the
pregnant chimpanzee dying from neglect. According to Timothy McNulty of
Chicago Tribune, the report was based on an article in the
Wenhui Bao paper of Shanghai. Li Guong of the genetics research bureau at the
Chinese Academy of Sciences was cited as confirming both the existence of the experiment prior to the Cultural Revolution and the plans to resume testing.
[17]
Evidence for early hominin hybridization
There is evidence for a complex speciation process for the
Pan–Homo split. This concerns times pre-dating the emergence of
Homo and would concern hybridization between
Pan and
Ardipithecus or
Orrorin, not
Homo.
Different chromosomes appear to have split at different times,
suggesting that large-scale hybridization may have taken place over a
period of as much as four million years leading up to the two emerging
("human" and "chimp") lineages as late as six million years ago.
[18] The similarity of the
X chromosome
in humans and chimpanzees might suggest hybridization taking place as
late as four million years ago. This latter conclusion should be
regarded as uncertain, with alternative proposals available to explain
the apparent short divergence time in the X chromosome.
[19]
In fiction
See also
